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Introduction to Homolog & Isomer - Dr K - Duration: 6:29.
Hi! Welcome to ChemSimplified.
In this video, we'll go through the definition of homolog and isomer.
Let's start with homolog.
You may have heard them by another name,
like homologous series. We'll just call them
by homolog in this video.
So, what is homolog?
It's actually a series of compounds that have
similar physical properties
similar chemical properties
same functional group
same general formula
and they differ by CH2 units
The last point is one of the most
important point in defining homolog.
So, we'll go through each of these using an example.
So, let's use this set of 4 compounds
to go through what each of these points mean.
Similar physical properties refer to
properties like boiling point, melting point,
their physical states. So, let's look at
boiling point for this series of compounds.
Notice that they are increasing as
you go longer and longer. The compound with 2 carbon
has a boiling point of -102.
As we work our way from 2 carbon
to 3 carbon compound to 4 carbon compound and
to the 5 carbon compound which is the
fourth compound there. Notice that the
boiling point went from -102 to -48, -6.5
and +30.
So, it's increasing as the size
of our compound increases. Which can also translates to
boiling point increases with
increasing molecular weight. Next point is
similar chemical properties. This group of
compounds that are in homologous series, they tend
to behave the same chemically when they go through
a certain reaction.
For example, if they were to react with bromine solution,
all these compounds will decolorize bromine solution.
So they have similar chemical properties.
The next point is same functional group.
So notice these 4 compounds they have a
similar functional group, which is C-C double bond.
And that happens between the first and the second carbon.
So that is an alkene.
If you need a refresher on the functional groups, I will post the link to the
top right of this video. And the next point
is they have same general formula.
So let's look at the chemical formula for each of these compound.
The first one is C2H4,
so all you do is you count the number of carbons and hydrogens and there are
2 carbons 4 hydrogens for the first one.
Work your way for every compound and you have
C2H4, C3H6, C4H8
and C5H10. And if you were
to generalize these formula
you will notice that you can come up with
this formula, which is CnH2n.
So if n is 2, then H would be 4.
If n is 3, then H would be 6.
Because 2 times 3 equals 6.
So,
so far so good?
Now the last point is, they differ by CH2 units.
And like I mentioned earlier, this is the most important point, because
it needs to fulfill all these
and at the same time
each of these compound
needs to be different by only a CH2 unit.
So if you see the first and the second compound, it's different by CH2.
Second and third, CH2.
Third and fourth, CH2.
Next, we go on to isomer.
So, what is isomer? They are compounds
that have the same molecular formula
but different chemical structure.
So what do I mean by molecular formula and
chemical structure? Let me show you using
3 examples. So notice I have 3 structures
drawn out. They look different.
But if I were to count out the number
of atoms that are present
that will give me the molecular formula. So,
if I were to do it for the first compound,
and the second compound, and the third compound,
they all will give me
5 carbons and 10 hydrogens.
So that means, these 3 compounds
have the same molecular formula. And then you look at
how the structures are drawn out.
So in this first structure,
there is a C-C double bond between the first and the second carbon.
The second structure, there is a double bond.
but it's not between the first and second carbon.
Instead, it's between the second and the third carbon.
Whereas, the third structure, the double bond is between
the first and the second carbon,
but it's different from the first compound because
there is a CH3 group at the second carbon.
So notice these differences.
And because of these differences
each of these compounds have different chemical structure.
So they have the same number
of atoms, which means they have same molecular formula,
but they are drawn out differently.
They are connected differently.
And that's why they have chemical structure.
Ok?
When you are asked to draw
isomers and the formula that you're given
has more than carbons and hydrogens
you might want to consider drawing more than one
kind of functional groups. So, for example,
if you have chemical formula that falls under this general formula of
CnH2n+2O.
The structures that you want to draw out for the
isomers, consider including alcohol and ether.
And, if you have
CnH2nO,
consider drawing out the structures for aldehyde
and ketone. And lastly if you have
CnH2nO2, draw out the isomers
for carboxylic acid and esters.
These are the common pairs when it comes to drawing
out isomers.
So that's all I have for defining homolog and isomer.
If you enjoy this video and find it helpful in
introducing you to homolog and isomer,
please share it with your friends or anyone that you think will benefit from it.
Also, do subscribe and
click on that bell icon so you'll get notified on new videos.
For practice questions, please head over to
ChemSimplified.com.
I'll post the blog link in the description box below.
Thanks for watching and I"ll see you in the next video.
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Classifying Homolog & Isomer - Dr K - Duration: 7:05.
Hi, I'm Dr. K and welcome to ChemSimplified. In this video, we'll apply the
definition of homolog and isomer to differentiate if a given pair of
compounds are homolog, isomer, same compound or none of those three.
We'll use an easy-to-follow flowchart that will help us to classify
these compounds easily. I've posted a video on the introduction of homolog
and isomer. Do check it out if you haven't done so. Here's just a quick
recap on what is homolog and what is isomer. So, as promised here's an
easy-to-follow flowchart that will help classify a pair of compounds as
homolog, isomers, same compound or none of those three. So we start by asking
a series of questions that will lead us to the correct classification. So let's
start by asking the first question. Do they have the same chemical formula?
Meaning, do they have the same number of atoms for each type of element? If yes,
then the next question that we need to ask is, Do they have the same structure?
Meaning, are those atoms all connected in the same way? If yes, then we have the
same compound. If no, then we have a pair of isomer. So let's go back to the first
question that we asked. If the two structures do not have the same chemical
formula then we'll need to follow up with the next question which is, Do they
have similar patterns that differ by a CH2 unit or units? if yes, then they are
homolog. If no, then it's none of those three. Doing okay so far? Well that's the
entire flowchart. Are you ready to test it out with some practice questions?
Let's start with the first pair. We start by asking the first question which is,
Do they have the same chemical formula? So let's start by counting the number of
atoms for each element so the one on the left hand side is C7H16O. So, 7 carbon
16 hydrogen and one oxygen. If you need a refresher on counting atoms I'll post a
link to the top right of this video and the compound on the right-hand side we
also have seven carbons sixteen hydrogen and one oxygen. So they
do have the same chemical formula. So we're gonna answer yes and now we need
to ask the next question which is, Do they have the same structure? So we need
to look at the two structures and analyze to see if they are connected in
the same way. So it's up to you how you want to do this but usually for me I
just find a focal point and then I try to compare and make sure that they are
connected the same way. So if I'm looking at the two structures, I have two groups
connected to my oxygen. On one side of the oxygen I have two carbons and that
seems to be true for both my structures. On the other side of the oxygen I have 1
2 3, 3 carbon long and then 2 CH3 groups connected to it like that and let's
compare on the right-hand side. The right-hand carbon the right side of that
oxygen I have 1 2 3 carbon and then 2 CH3 connected to it. So what do you know?
These two are actually the same. They have the same structure they are
connected in the same way they have the same chemical formula so the
classification would be same compound. Doing ok? Let's try the second pair. Ok.
So this is what we have. Again we start by asking the same question same chemical
formula and we calculate the number of atoms the left compound we have seven
carbons 16 hydrogen and one O. The one on the right hand side same chemical
formula so we answer yes and then the question we ask is do they have the same
structure so now just by merely inspecting this you can easily see that
they do not have the same structure why because the compound on the left hand
side is an etherr the compound on the right hand side is an alcohol so there
is no way an ether is an alcohol so they do not have the same structure and
that's why our classification is isomer. Pretty easy, right? Now we move on to our
third example. The same question. Count the number of atoms and we see
that we do not have the same number of atoms so same chemical formula? No.
Next question do they have similar patterns that differ by CH2? Okay, well I don't
know if you see this but there is a trend. Like I've mentioned earlier I try
to find focal points so in this case I notice that I have a functional group
which is OH, alcohol on both sides, right? So if I were to count on the let's
start with a compound on the left hand side. My OH group is connected on the
second carbon and in that compound I have 1 2 3 4, 4 carbon and OH is
connected to the second carbon. Now moving on to the right hand side, I have
the same thing OH is connected on the second carbon. See? I have 1 2 3 4 5 6, 6
carbon. OH connected on the second carbon.
So, do these two have similar patterns that differ by CH2 unit? Yes. In fact they are
different by 2 CH 2 units. So they are homolog. Last example. Here we have two
structures just by inspecting we know that we have a ketone on the left hand
side and an ether on the right hand side. So same first question that we asked.
Do they have the same chemical formula? Turns out to be no. Do they have similar
patterns that differ by CH 2 units? No they do not because one is a ketone when
one is an ether. So they do not have the similar pattern. So once they don't have
the same pattern, it's neither one of those. It's not the same compound, it's
not a homolog. It's not an isomer. It's neither one of these three. So that's the
classification. So we're done going through how to use an easy flow chart to
classify a given pair of compound as homolog isomer same compound or none of these.
As usual, if you enjoy this video do give it a thumbs up. If you find it
helpful in helping you classify this do share if your friends or anyone you
think might benefit from it. Do subscribe. Click on that bell icon and you'll get
notified on new weekly videos for more info or practice questions do head over
to chemsimplified.com. I'll post a blog link in the description box thanks for
watching and I'll see you in the next video.
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