Contrary to media reports about the discovery of secrets by scientists
the idols of Easter Island, in real research
reported results spatial modeling
to explain patterns ceremonial erection
Ahu and stone platforms monolithic statues
called moai.
However, this is a reason to remind about this wonderful island
and its archaeological sites.
Easter Island or Rapanui represents one
of the most interesting cases construction of monuments.
When in just 500 years, with the moment of settlement of the island
in the XII-XIII centuries AD before European contact in 1722, islanders
(Rapanui) built over 300 ceremonial platforms
(ahu) and almost 1000 multi-ton anthropomorphic statues
(moai) Achievements of the inhabitants of Rapanui
will seem even more impressive when you consider
what is the behavior of the first settlers the islands were oriented
on insufficiently substantiated conversion projects
nature of the island.
In conditions of minor and unpredictable precipitation
with poor nutrients soil lack of large
coral reef and abundant surface sources
fresh water.
Island ecology limited range of available funds
existence for residents Rapanui, and many believe
what are these environmental restrictions are key
in the appearance of monuments on Easter Island as adaptive
uncertainty response measures environment or how
territorial signals control over limited
resources.
Like in that song about the island bad luck: what they don't do
do not go ...
Just not about Monday, but about the fact that "you can see the statue
not very high ... "
As in experiments with pigeons in 1947 that showed
that birds develop superstitious behavior, believing that,
acting certain way or committing some
actions will come down to them feed, although he did
automatically.
By the end of the study, 75% the birds became superstitious.
One dove chasing after food believed that if
he will roll over in a cage two or three times
counterclock-wise, then they feed him.
By the way, modern people not much has changed how
for example parallels with a sink car and rain or
with a cigarette at the bus stop waiting
transport.
Yes, and apophony in general is pretty common phenomenon
among modern people.
So are some researchers believed that the ancient rapanuytsy
may have believed that statues will help them,
with rain, harvest, catch or did they mean it
resource boundaries islands between families and
communities.
But this is only simplified. motivation assumptions
rapanuytsev, although in more globally everything could
be much harder.
But in favor of the notation boundaries speak and internecine
conflicts even on such a small piece of land,
which is possible without considering relief, get around just for
12 hours.
In general, it was not easy to live on the island however compared
with life in postcontact era, old life could
seem like a paradise.
Not surprisingly, in the end there is only one island left
3% of residents.
Someone was killed, someone the slavers were taken away, the rest
same evacuated as new slaves
freshly imported god.
And the surviving inhabitants are already knew almost nothing
about traditions, not about writing, which is very sad.
Because Rapanui was sole pacific
island where the inhabitants created own writing
- rongo-rongo.
But let's start in order and briefly ...
Environment Rapanui is relative
small, insulated island, an area of 163.6 km2,
which is located in the southeast parts of the Pacific.
Geographically it is located about 3500 km from South
America's territory Chile and almost 2,000 km from the nearest
inhabited island.
The island has volcanic origin with three
main shield volcanoes (Rano Kau, Terevak and Pua Kathiki)
and a few smaller ones like early raraku and slag
cones like pune pau.
Despite the fact that the height Terevaka just over 500 meters
above sea level island is relatively
base and not divided characteristic valleys
for other pacific of the islands.
Not far from Easter Island, there are 5 smaller ones
uninhabited islands that used rapanuytsy,
including Motu Nui, where a late ritual was performed
rapanuytsev dedicated the choice of man-bird of the year.
The formation of the islands began less than a million years ago.
The climate of Rapanui is seasonal and windy given
its subtropical latitude low and unpredictable
rainfall from 600 to 2000 mm / year.
While paleoecological research confirms
what was previously on the island extensive palm forests
which disappeared by the combined reasons including felling
by man and also to the extinction the forest has put her teeth
and polynesian or small rat.
She was accidentally or intentionally brought to the island.
But do not represent imagine a vicious rat eating
palm forests, they are all only nibbled the seeds, preventing
shoot growth.
Compared to others Polynesian Soil Areas
in Rapanui is excessively drained, leached and poor available
nutrients.
Although inside volcanic craters there are freshwater
lakes given a very porous nature of the underlying
there is no substrate other surface sources
fresh water.
Also the island is pretty cool rises from the bottom of the ocean
and has relatively poor coral-free marine resources
reefs or lagoons.
These characteristics of the surrounding medium imposed significant
restrictions on options existence available
for pre-contact residents.
Monuments of Rapanui Regardless limited
resources, rapanuytsy not only were able to survive on the small
poor and isolated a piece of sushi, but also together
create thousands of massive stone idols and hundreds
ceremonial platforms (ahu) soon after settling
islands in the thirteenth century.
Ahu represent derived ritual form
architecture found and other places of the East
Polynesia, though different in scale with Rapanui.
About 400 moai remain in the quarries of the extinct
Rana Raraku volcano, and hundreds others weighing several
tons have been moved and erected on ahu in different
parts of the island.
In addition, many moai were also decorated with large
red "hats" under pukao name.
A large number of myths and incredible theories were
associated with these statues, especially with their movement
around the island.
Although many experiments have shown that there is no
nothing supernatural.
Back in 2012, the team from 18 people even managed
force model statues move vertically,
at a speed of 100 meters per an hour just with the help
three hemp ropes.
However, in the last study it was not about their way
creation but about spatial patterns and motives
their erection.
In general, the settlement scheme in Rapanui characterized
relatively dispersed communities along the coast
lines, 100–200 m from ahu, which were community gathering places
for ritual activity.
However, questions: why they are set to specific
places or what additional social roles performed,
remain mostly without answer.
Many also argue about what role did ahu play
territorial control and hereditary possession
limited resources islands.
Although some researchers claim control
for agriculture and marine resources was
closely and firmly connected with typical polynesian
hereditary scheme land use rights
and the need to constantly confirm this property
generation after generation and in the context of growing
population and changing natural environment.
Although obviously existed and other social and religious
motives.
Others suggest that fresh water could be
important limited resource and subject to intense competition,
resulting in ahu served expensive signal
competitiveness.
In addition, many suggest that excess yields are sweet
potato mulch gardens would be necessary
to support construction ahu and transportation moai,
and the monuments served for transfer of control over these
elite resources.
In the new work, researchers and engaged in checking
of these hypotheses, assuming what resources and ahu spatially
will be connected.
Since there is no island construction control data
materials, there are three the type of resources with which
may be due erection ceremonial platforms.
This is agricultural sites, marine resources
and freshwater sources.
Agriculture.
Like the Polynesians around The pacific ocean
before European contact were farmers though
in general growing conditions are considered minor in Rapanui
compared to others in places.
However, a significant part livelihood
depended on agricultural cultures in which
included yams, yams, taro or taro edible,
bananas, sugarcane other.
And soil and tooth analysis stone man showed
what sweet potato was the main plant
food source.
Harvest was grown in gardens with stone mulch.
Basalt throughout the island pebbles, cobblestones and boulders
placed on the ground to add nutritious
substances that retain moisture, protect plants from wind
and stabilize the temperature Marine resources.
Available zooarchaeological usage data
Rapanui Marine Resources relatively limited
recent isotope analysis, however, indicates
that marine resources were not less than 50% of protein foods.
Thus, although sea island resources are limited
compared to others Polynesian Islands,
they nevertheless constituted important part of the subsistence
minimum in precontact time.
Fresh water On Easter Island falls
moderate precipitation but frequent
drought, and due to permeability soil and bedrock,
which allow water move quickly to aquifers
the horizons of the island, and the level groundwater is usually
is only a few meters above sea level
near the coast.
Fresh water is also available. in many lava tubes,
which are mostly at the western end of the island
where soil can be collected and rainwater.
The only big ones perennial ponds
with fresh water are lakes and springs resting
on tight areas volcanic cores in Rano Kau,
Rano Raraku and in the crater Terevaka volcano, which
called early-Aroi.
However, there is no evidence that these lakes were
primary sources water both before and after
contact.
First European visitors, hurried to note the shortage
and salty taste fresh water on the island.
In 1722, Buman, captain Dutch Expedition
Jacob Roggeven, noted that rapanuytsev had pumpkins
or lagenarii from the family Pumpkin, for storing water.
Cook, however, noted that the islanders drank brackish coastal water
and smelly.
Archaeological evidence freshwater management
represented mainly in the form of a kind of wells
or groundwater traps waters
As well as shallow pools to collect rainwater
carved in basalt.
So these sources fresh water though not
very clean, played for islanders an important role.
And the results of the point modeling in new
the study showed what is the spatial arrangement
Ahu most economically explained proximity to the sources
fresh water like coastal zone and inside the island.
Also worth mentioning what has been in recent years
found to be building and transportation of idols
and their hats on Easter Island didn't require much
number of people, no trees.
These findings are put under doubt general assumptions
that construction monuments required
connected with complex social organization and management
human resources.
And also, not confirmed versions of what activity
islanders must leads to environmental degradation
environment, namely deforestation and erosion.
The authors themselves are scientific articles count the result
his work significant since he probably
(I would like to emphasize the word probably) explains
previously unsolved problem of why the statues of the island
Easter is mainly found way along the coast
where is the greatest amount freshwater sources.
And I'm not saying goodbye to this, do not forget to leave
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