An Giang info: Youtube daily report Mar 15 2018

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[♪ INTRO ]

In the early 1980s, IBM engineers had a problem.

In most of the US, when a computer's memory module failed, a few tests would make it clear

what was wrong.

But in Denver, Colorado, 80% of failures were inexplicable.

Every test would show the modules working perfectly.

When IBM finally cracked the puzzle, the cause turned out to be otherworldly.

And I am not saying it's aliens because it wasn't aliens, it was cosmic rays.

These intergalactic visitors can wreak havoc on electronics, and they're playing an ever-greater

role in how computers are designed.

A cosmic ray is actually a tiny particle, usually a hydrogen or helium nucleus.

And they get flung toward us at up to 99% of the speed of light by a far-away supernova

or some other astronomical mayhem.

Scientists had known since the 1950s that radiation made electronics go haywire, whether

the high-energy particles came from the Sun or atomic bombs.

And spacecraft had been dealing with cosmic radiation for decades.

But down on Earth, everyone had thought we were protected by the atmosphere.

And it's true that the atmosphere protects us from direct hits.

But cosmic rays are packed with energy.

***So when one smacks into an air molecule, it doesn't just disappear.

Instead, the collision spews out a zoo of other particles called secondary rays, each

carrying just a bit of the energy—but still enough to come out moving fast.

Most of these secondary rays get absorbed or deflected by other air molecules.

But every so often, one makes it all the way down to the ground.

And you know what else hangs out on the ground?

Computers.

Inside of your computer, electrons are flowing around—there're the physical embodiment

of your emails, software, and Netflix streams.

Many of the electrons park in your computer's memory—the RAM chip.

They're moving in and out of microscopic electrical reservoirs to store 1's and 0's,

or bits,

Now, a stray neutron from that secondary ray shower might crash into the nucleus of a silicon

atom in the RAM, passing on a jolt of energy that tears apart that nucleus.

It's a tiny nuclear fission reaction, the same thing that's happening in a nuclear

reactor!

And as positively-charged fragments of the nucleus zoom through the chip, they yank around

negatively-charged electrons.

And sometimes, a few thousand electrons get dragged into or out of a reservoir in the

RAM.

When that happens, a 1 becomes a 0 , or vice versa.

And the cosmic ray has corrupted the contents of the computer's memory.

Scientists call this a single-event upset, or SEU.

"Single event" just means there's no lasting damage to the chip.

So if you test the memory afterwards, everything's A-OK.

It's what people call a "soft error."

Even though secondary rays are everywhere, the higher up you are, the more neutrons reach

you, since they've had fewer chances to collide with air molecules.

And that's why computers in Denver, the mile-high city, were having extra temporary

memory failures.

Mystery solved.

Aside from the occasional blue screen of death, most SEUs don't cause noticeable problems.

After all, who cares if one pixel in Game of Thrones is off?

But every so often, things have gotten more dramatic.

In 2003, a voting machine in Schaerbeek, Belgium added 4,096 votes to one candidate's total

because of a single flipped bit.

And in 2008, a Qantas passenger jet suddenly nose-dived hundreds of feet in 20 seconds,

sending passengers crashing into the ceiling.

It's hard to say for sure, but the most likely explanation in both cases is cosmic rays.

Because of the need to guard against high-altitude incidents like the Qantas flight, the aerospace

industry has done a lot of the research on protecting electronics against radiation.

And devices with lots of memory or that work continuously for days need some extra protection

too, like supercomputers, server farms, even networking equipment.

But as technology advances, SEUs are a growing problem even for things like cell phones,

computerized car engines, and smart doorbells.

And circuits keep getting smaller, making it easier to flip a bit.

At the same time, we keep packing in more transistors, the key silicon component in

RAM and other electronics, giving more targets for particles to disrupt.

So engineers have come up with three main lines of defense.

First, by changing the spacing of the transistor components to limit how much charge can move

around, they can minimize the chance of errors.

The second strategy is to detect and reverse errors right in the RAM.

Error checking and correcting RAM, or ECC RAM keeps tabs on how many 1s there should

be in each block of memory, which allows the chip to locate the error and flip it back.

ECC RAM is widely used in data centers, and you can get it for home computers, too.

And finally, you can just accept that errors are going to happen and try to work around

them.

The extreme version of this, used in spacecraft and planes, is to run multiple identical circuits

at the same time and restart any calculation when their results don't match.

But you can also just have software stay on the lookout for fishy-looking data or tolerate

some imprecision.

Each solution has its cost, whether in power, size, speed, or money.

But sometimes it's worth it, especially if the electronics are keeping people alive.

And as we keep using more, smaller electronics, we have to pay more attention to fending off

these cosmic rays that are slamming into our planet from across the universe.

As we're well aware at SciShow, humans are skilled at building things to survive pretty

much any environment.

Whether it's protecting our electronics against cosmic radiation or protecting 100-story

skyscrapers from earthquakes, there's a lot of math and physics involved in maintaining

our way of life.

SciShow's sponsor Brilliant.org teaches you to think like a scientist with dozens

of interactive quizzes.

And since high-altitude is the theme of the day, I thought we could try this Skyscrapers

quiz together.

[Go to b-roll of this quiz: https://brilliant.org/practice/skyscrapers/?chapter=infrastructure.]

So we're going into the last part of the infrastructure course which is about the skyscrapers.

So preparing you think about skyscrapers, it's having you think about stacking up

bunch of books and whether will become more or less stable.

So I think it becomes less stable, and got it!

And then we get to the question where we're trying to figure out how the wind speed is

going to be affected by these multiple tall buildings next to each other.

And there is a previous question that asks you about placing your thumb over the end

of the hose and how that affects the water, and in that case when you're blocking a

part of the flow, the water speeds up.

So in this case, the building is blocking a part of the flow, so I think that the wind

is going to speed up, and I got it!

And towards the end of the quiz there is a little video in here of skyscrapers actually

swing back and forth in the wind, and it's teaching you about how engineers can use large

tanks of water to actually counteract the weight of that swinging.

Which I think that's pretty cool.

So if you wanna check it out yourself and help support SciShow, the first 77 viewers

to sign up over at brilliant.org/scishow will get 20% off their annual premium subscription.

[♪ OUTRO ]

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Hawaii's Forest Birds: Avian Malaria and Mosquito Research (Documentary) - Duration: 21:28.

The hawaiian islands, filled with beautiful and diverse habitats that contain many species

found nowhere else on earth. And several of these species... Are in trouble.

*Sweet warrior drum beats made by travis plays*

I'm Travis and I'll be your guide for exploring the decline of hawaii's native

forest birds, Avian Malaria, and how scientists, and the kauai forest bird recovery project

are preventing and studying the disease.

*sad music about to play*

Many factors are contributing to the decline in Hawaii's forest bird populations, loss

of habitat, climate change.. invasive species, but none more than...

disease...

Avian Malaria and avian poxvirus are spread by human introduced mosquitos. Historically, mosquitoes did not

exist on hawaii and native bird species never developed resistance to mosquito transmitted

diseases. Because of this, mosquitoes have devastated many native bird populations.

For example Here on the island of Kauai, Both the Akikiki and Puaiohi have less than 500

individuals left in the wild.

These individuals and many other forest birds once had a large range across the island,

but are now restricted to living in high elevation areas where mosquitoes cannot live due to

colder temperatures. This small area is the Alakai, and this rainforest is the last safe

haven for birds on Kauai from Avian Malaria. However, due to climate change these cooler

safe havens are warming and mosquitoes are now encroaching on these areas. Further threatening

the forest birds.

But this is where we come in. We are the birds last line of defense in this rain forest.

And For the next few months will be Living and working in the Alakai to determine mosquito

abundance, avian malaria prevalence, and to work on methods of diminishing the overall

mosquito population. All This will be done by 3 different procedures, Mosquito traps,

Stream Surveys, and Mosquito pool treatments.

Lets get to it.

Each week starts with a long hike into the Alakai. The views along the way are like

none other in the world… and… it's all part of the job. Once in the rain forest, the sights

become smaller, and closer, Like the friendly Elipio. The elipio is the most abundantly

seen bird here due to it's tolerance to avian Malaria, and it's curious nature.

At the beginning of the season all our supplies, equipment and food is flown into camp.

Which allows us to begin our first task, setting up mosquito traps.

Traps are set up in a grid around a targeted stream in the Alakai. We will be conducting

most of our work around a specific stream, so to protect its exact location, i picked

a random one for this ariel example.

Each trap site is hiked to while carrying all the trap equipment. The streams become

our highways for the next several months as they are the fastest way of traversing through

parts of the rainforest. It can be a bit dangerous and tricky, so the buddy system is in full effect.

Once the trap location is found via GPS, A tarp is tied up for rain and we begin setting

up the two different adult mosquito traps.

Travis: "Alright so this is here is our B G trap, this is going to attract females

that are looking for a prey. We have the CO2 right here, this is our bait, this is pumping

co2 into here, and as you know CO2 is what animals exhale and what mosquitoes are attracted to.

We also have a stinky stick, which…

ugh…

smells a bit like stinky feet…

it also tries to attract them. So how it works is the CO2 and this stinky stick will bring

in the mosquitos and then this fan in here will suck them into this bag.

And that's how we check them.

While I set up the next trap, Theo will explain the type of bait we use for it.

Theo: "So what I'm pouring right here is some grade A stinky water. So gravid or

pregnant females seek out water that has decaying or decomposing plant matter in it. So what

we do is create a hay infusion with yeast and a couple other enzymes, and it brings

them right into the traps, and we collect them in the morning."

Here's how we use it in the traps

Travis: "And this is a reiter trap. This is going to attract the pregnant females who

are looking to lay eggs. So we dump the stinky water in.. and the stinky water will attract

the females with its stinky smell, and they will want to lay eggs in the water, but as

they land on top of the water to lay their eggs, the fan will suck them up in this black

tube, and then into this net. And that's how we catch them."

In the late evening, The trap fans and CO2 is turned on and left on overnight, when mosquitoes are most active.

*Cool music plays that i made on Ukulele*

When morning comes, we can begin checking the traps for mosquitoes.

Each morning we hike back out to all the traps that were set the prior evening.

Travis: "Nothing in that"

"Three mosquitoes, here we go."

"Boo yaa!"

Before I aspirate the mosquitoes, let's jump into some quick id-ing.

Currently there are only two species of mosquitoes making its way into the Alakai, Aedes japonicus

and Culex quinquefasciatus. The Culex have solid colored legs and a white or tan abdomen.

While the aedes are easy to pick out with their white striped legs and dark abdomen.

But it's the Culex species that we are after. They are the carriers and transmitters of

avian malaria.

The mosquitoes are sucked out of the net with an aspirator, and yes there is a mesh in the

tube to keep them from flying in our mouth. They are then gently blown into a cup for

transport. To determine malaria prevalence and mosquito abundance, All mosquitoes caught

during the week are kept alive and hiked out on the weekend where they will be shipped

to the big island and tested for malaria.

Travis: "So, I need to keep these mosquitoes alive, in order to do that i need to mix up

some sugar water, and then put it in this little cotton ball and then they can drink

the sugar water out of the cotton ball. So i don't know if you knew this but mosquitoes

don't survive on sucking peoples blood,

normally they're nectar drinkers, they drink sugar water.

The only time they go after blood is when they need a big extra boost of protein

for laying their eggs.

Because these mosquitoes were caught in our BG trap, it means they are most likely reproductively

active females attracted to the CO2 and looking for a blood meal.

Travis: "So males and females not looking to reproduce will be drinking nectar.

There that should keep them alive."

When we finish checking all the traps in the morning, we can then start looking for mosquito

larvae by doing stream surveys. But first, a little exploring

*Sick disco type music i made plays*

*Feel those sick four on the floor beats while the piano enters your soul*

The stream is broken up into 10 meter sections and mosquito larvae habitat is thoroughly

looked for in each section. Stream surveys are done routinely as a way to standardize

looking for Mosquito larvae pools and to make sure we check every possible area along the stream.

Dippers are used to sample the water and look for larvae, and Any aquatic insect found is

identified and recorded. Mosquito larvae require stagnant or very slow moving water to survive

in, so we are mostly on the lookout for small pools next to the stream like these ones.

These small rock pools have larvae in them, however these are Aedes. And If you recall

we are after culex species. Here's how we tell the difference.

The mosquito life cycle consists of adult, Egg, Larva, and Pupa. Here in the Larval stage

the Aedes and Culex look very similar except for the siphon. The siphon is a tube that

allows the larva to breath air , its like their snorkel, and the Culex siphon is much

longer than the Aedes.

Here they both are in a pipet, it's a bit difficult to film such small individuals,

but you can just make out the difference in siphon lengths

*music*

So far we have found plenty of aedes pools, but no culex pools.

Travis: " Nothing, Ehh nothing, nothing again, nothing"

And as the season goes on we check traps every morning,

do stream surveys during the day,

and replace battery and CO2 tanks as they get used up.

And yes, when it rains…

we still work,

and sometimes it never stops..

It can be overwhelming at times,

but we endure throughout the field season.

Travis: "Well i forgot my rain jacket, and it's raining again,

...in the rain forest.

Who would have thought?

Who... would have thought.."

*Thunder*

Travis: "Breakfast in the alakai swamp. The rainforest seems to have stripped away

every sense of humanity in Stephanie as she's resulted in eating pork Jerky for Breakfast"

Stephanie: "I like pork jerky…"

Theo: "What is this, week four?"

Travis: "I think so. Half way through"

Theo: "More than that"

Stephanie: "...And to be fair I've been having pork jerky every morning"

All: Laughs

Theo: "Broken on day one"

Travis: "Alright so this is camp. This is how we dry a lot of our stuff. We use the

exhaust from the generator. So that's fun.

This is the Weatherport dinner and breakfast

table. Tonight Stephanie is cooking a nice stew of chicken and rice, and green beans."

Stephanie: "Cause we deserve greens"

Travis: "Yes we don't eat very many vegetables out here.

Travis: "So this is the inside of the weatherport. Theo is taking his daily IBuprofen from all our terrible hikes."

Travis: "Ya this is where we keep all our food. These action packers down here keep

all our non canned food safe from the rats. And the rats are everywhere,

especially on Theo's bed at night.

And then this is the other end of the weatherport, this is where

we all sleep. Nothing Fancy here. That's it."

The Akikiki's are insectivores, here one enjoys a caterpillar. With less than 500 individuals,

The kauai forest bird recovery project monitors them by color banding adults and fledglings

to determine survival and distribution rates. Having such low numbers, it's imperative to

monitor them and try to reduce as many threats as possible, such as rats, non native birds,

and of course mosquitoes.

*Cool chill music that i made*

During a routine stream survey, Theo awkwardly suggests i check for mosquito pools up this

thorn infested drainage.

I oblige.

Travis: "Ow! Jeeze o Pete!

Yup Culex! Second and Third!"

Travis: "Yup, Ow… Ow.. Ok"

We have a culex pool we can treat now. And actually we found several more of them.

Mosquito pools are treated with BTI, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. This biological

control is a bacteria found naturally in soils and specifically targets mosquitoes, black

flies and fungus gnats. Extensive studies have shown that it has little to no effect

on any other species, because of this it is used all over the world and is sold commercially

and publically. You might have seen it in stores as mosquito dunks or mosquito bits.

Here's how it works. Once in the water the bacteria is ingested by the mosquito larva.

Inside the larva's midgut the bacteria releases a protein crystal. The crystal dissolves and

releases a toxin that will only bind with specific receptors on cells of the mosquitoes

midgut. The toxin then forms a small pore in the cell causing the cell to fill with

water, expel its contents and burst. All cells in the midgut bursts and the larva dies. And

since the toxin only binds with the receptors found in mosquitoes, fungus gnats and black

flies, it does not harm any other animal, plant, or human.

This has been tested and proven in different environments around the world, but those results

still need to be replicated here in hawaii before BTI can be used regularly. And that's

just what we're doing.

Before the pool is treated with BTI we need a population estimate of all the aquatic organisms

in the pool, as well as a nearby control pool that does not have culex in it. In each pool

100 dips are taken systematically. Any organism caught is identified and counted.

Here's some of the things we catch.

Stephanie: "Three Copepods"

Copepods are very tiny crustaceans. Dragonfly larva, called Aeshnidae.

Theo: "Two Micro"

Microvelia, which are very small water striders.

Theo: "Eight micro, one Megalagrion"

And Megalagrions are damselfly larva.

When counting Mosquito larva we are also noting what instar the larva is. Each development

stage after molting is known as an instar. The 4th instar doesn't eat much and the

pupa doesn't eat at all. So optimal conditions for BTI to work are pools with 1st 2nd and 3rd instars.

After the 100 dips, the pool is treated. 24 hours later both the untreated control pool

and treatment pool is sampled again. Just as suspected all the mosquito larva are dead

and other organisms unaffected. Here a megalagrion is actually enjoying the free meal of a dead culex.

Another 48 hr, 72 hr, and week sample are done to make sure all mosquito larvae

are gone and other organism populations stay the same.

And this brings us to the end of the season. We did our best, but There are some obvious

drawbacks to the traps and pool treatments. There are many places we simply cannot set

up traps and areas with adult mosquitoes that we cannot find.

Travis: "Thats a LOT of flies"

And BTI treatment is limited,

by the fact that not every mosquito pool can be located.

However there is an alternative option for large scale mosquito control, and once again

It's bacteria, Wolbachia. This naturally occurring bacteria lives in symbiosis with many insect

species including culex mosquitoes in hawaii. Hawaii has several different strains of wolbachia,

and different strains are incompatible with one another. Meaning if a male mosquito mates

with a female with a different strain of wolbachia, the resulting eggs will not be fertilized.

Therefore, If lab bred male culex mosquitoes, which don't bite, were given a strain of

wolbachia, then were released into the wild and bred with wild females with a different

strain of wolbachia, no offspring would be produced, and the mosquito population would

be significantly reduced within one generation. This phenomenon is already being implemented

in Florida and California to help prevent the spread of other Mosquito transmitted diseases.

Also, Wolbachia can only survive in insects and cannot transfer to other animals.

Currently, The university of Hawaii and Department of Land and Natural Resources are researching

this future opportunity, but will first need full government and public support.

*Soft gentle guitar music plays*

Maybe one day invasive mosquitoes will be under control in hawaii, It would give these

birds a chance. But until that happens nonprofits such as the Kauai Forest Bird recovery project

will continue fighting to keep these birds alive. I'm Travis and thanks for watching.

*Yet another sweet jam made by travis for the credits. Guitar, keyboard, ukulele all used for it*

*Key change in song*

*Key change back with piano melody up a 5th*

* I did all the work yet again...*

For more infomation >> Hawaii's Forest Birds: Avian Malaria and Mosquito Research (Documentary) - Duration: 21:28.