-------------------------------------------
Why Carbon Dating Might Be in Danger - Duration: 5:17.
Thanks to Skillshare for supporting this episode of SciShow.
[♩INTRO]
For researchers studying objects younger than 60,000 years or so,
carbon dating is one of the most valuable tools out there.
It involves analyzing the ratio of two kinds of carbon atoms.
And with it, scientists have figured out the ages of everything
from mummies to old manuscripts.
Carbon dating has transformed fields like archeology and paleontology.
And it's helped us get a much better understanding of what the world
was like thousands of years ago.
The problem is, carbon dating might also be in danger,
thanks to fossil fuels, of all things.
The idea of carbon dating was first proposed in the 1940s,
and it was important enough to win its discoverer a Nobel Prize.
It relies on two kinds, or isotopes, of carbon:
one called carbon-12, and another called carbon-14.
Carbon-12, or C-12 for short, is basically normal carbon.
It has six protons and six neutrons, and it's stable,
so it doesn't change and decay into different atoms over time.
Carbon-14 is rarer, and it does decay.
C-14 has two extra neutrons, which makes it unstable.
Over about 5730 years, half of the atoms in any sample will
turn into a more stable form of nitrogen.
That's called its half life.
Carbon-14 is produced when radiation from objects like the Sun interacts
with those stable nitrogen molecules
as they're floating around in Earth's atmosphere.
Then, the C-14 ends up in carbon dioxide, and works its way into plants
and animals through photosynthesis and the food chain.
Historically speaking, the amounts of C-12 and C-14 in the atmosphere
have been roughly consistent over the years.
So scientists can expect to find a predictable ratio in most organic materials.
That ratio is what carbon dating is based on.
So, say researchers were trying to figure out
how old some frozen animal tissue is.
If their sample has less C-14 than normal, that suggests
that it's been around long enough for that carbon to decay, so it's older.
But if they have a sample where the ratio is normal, it's probably relatively new.
By tracking exact ratio changes and knowing the half life of C-14,
scientists can usually pin down an object's age to within a few decades.
Carbon dating has worked for years, but now, there's a problem:
That consistent carbon ratio is changing.
Admittedly, it has changed before.
But those changes were small enough that they weren't a huge deal,
and the results could be easily calibrated with other measurements.
Now, things are getting more dramatic.
Over the years, as we've burned fossil fuels, we've launched a lot of extra
carbon dioxide into the air.
And since those fossils fuels are so old,
almost all of their carbon-14 has decayed.
That means we're adding a bunch of carbon-12 to the atmosphere
so much that it's really messing with the ratio
that scientists use for carbon dating.
Officially, this is called the Suess effect, after the scientist
who first noticed this pattern in the 1950s.
And it's not great news.
According to one 2015 paper, if we keep burning fossil fuels at this rate,
we'll add so much extra C-12 to the atmosphere that
new materials in 2050 will seem 1000 years old.
There will be so much C-12 in them that the amount of C-14
will look tiny and decayed by comparison.
And without an outside reference,
it will be almost impossible to figure out how old they really are.
Many groups are already working to reduce
the rate at which we burn fossil fuels
and that's good for everyone, not just archeologists.
But we probably won't stop using them completely any time soon.
Thankfully, one researcher came up with a
solution to help us sort through this mess.
Or at least, it's a reliable way to tell if fossil fuels have skewed measurements.
In a 2016 paper published in the journal Environmental Research Letters,
he suggested we just look at a different isotope of carbon.
Carbon-13, or C-13, has just one extra neutron.
And like carbon-14, it forms naturally, but it's pretty rare.
Plants don't really store it, so there isn't much of it in fossil fuels
or in current living things.
And it only makes up 1% of the Earth's atmosphere, so it's also getting
overshadowed by all the extra C-12 we're putting out there.
But unlike carbon-14, C-13 is stable.
That means the amount in a sample should be
predictable and shouldn't change over time.
Researchers should see a constant percentage of C-13
that is, unless there's a skewed amount of carbon-12.
In his 2016 paper, this scientist suggested that researchers should always
check on that C-13 percentage during the carbon dating process.
If it's unusually low, they'll know the sample is affected by extra carbon-12,
so traditional carbon dating won't be reliable.
They'll have to use another method.
For example, if an organic object was found in a hard rock layer,
researchers can estimate its age by dating the rock,
which doesn't always require carbon.
Ideally, we'll be able to stop this problem by reducing our fossil fuel usage.
But since that might not happen soon,
this carbon-13 strategy will definitely be helpful.
All this week, we're turning our attention at the end of each video
to a Skillshare class we think you'll get a lot out of.
We try to make them relate to the topic of the episode,
which is pretty easy because there are over 20,000 classes on skillshare.
There aren't any Skillshare classes on carbon dating though.
Which, I guess isn't too surprising.
So instead, I wanted to tell you about this class taught by
award-winning designer Mirko Ilić.
It's called Making Art to Drive Change, and that still feels kind of related.
Mirko Ilić is a world class artist and designer,
who teaches master's degree illustration
at the School of Visual Arts in New York and runs his own studio,
which is famous for its strong visual concepts.
He's captivating to listen to, and the project for the class is inspiring.
As he points out in the class, no matter what your background,
everyone has something they're passionate about and can make art.
Right now Skillshare is offering SciShow viewers 2 months of access
to all of their classes for free.
So you could take a poster design class from an expert like this for free!
Check it out as well as any other class you like
by following the link in the description.
Thanks for watching and for supporting SciShow.
[♩OUTRO]
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12 Things That Will Help Prevent Bad Breath|HFE♪ - Duration: 7:53.
12 Things That Will Help Prevent Bad Breath
Did you know that not drinking enough water throughout the day can cause bad breath? So, try to drink at least two liters of water a day.
Oral hygiene is as important to your health as any other good habit. Sometimes, brushing your teeth, rinsing your mouth, or chewing an odor-neutralizing mint isn't enough.
Here are some things that may help you fight bad breath.
Brush your teeth after every meal.
It's important to get rid of the excess food that builds up in the spaces between each tooth.
Your toothbrush also removes plaque hidden under your gums.
This plaque not only causes bad breath, but also forms spots that may decalcify your teeth.
Floss.
Sometimes your toothbrush doesn't completely remove the traces of food that get stuck between your teeth, either because they're too small or simply because your toothbrush cannot reach that area.
These particles that get stuck in your teeth or under your gums can cause nasty infections such as gingivitis.
Tongue brushes.
Your tongue traps a lot of germs since it's exposed to microorganisms every time you open your mouth.
There are toothbrushes that have tongue brushes on the other side.
You can use them to clean inside your cheeks and remove any traces of germs or bacteria that cause bad breath.
Change your toothbrush regularly.
Even if you take good care of your toothbrush, it's an open target for hundreds of bacteria that live in your bathroom.
Oral care specialists recommend changing your toothbrush every two to three months.
It's important to replace your toothbrush after a cold or flu because it can carry infectious bacteria, which can cause a relapse.
Use alcohol-free mouthwash.
Once the mint or citrus fruit flavor disappears, your mouth will dry up and you may get bad breath.
This is because many types of mouthwash contain up to 27% alcohol. Likewise, they have a component named chlorhexidine that can stain your teeth over time.
Don't drink too much coffee.
Caffeine slows down the production of saliva which can make your mouth dry up and cause bad breath.
You can change your obsessive coffee-drinking habit and start drinking hot or cold tea instead.
Natural tea is a better option.
Drink at least two liters of water a day.
This liquid is very important for your body.
Drinking the right amount of water usually stimulates the salivary flow.
This means your mouth won't be dry and you'll be less likely to have bad breath.
Don't take medicines you don't need.
Taking painkillers, antihistamines, and antidepressants often decreases saliva production.
The health specialist should address all questions and explain to the patient the side effects they may get from taking certain pills.
Tonsil stones.
These stones get stuck in the back of your throat. They smell rotten because they're hard deposits of food and bacteria that have lodged in your tonsils. Tonsil stones look like tiny white spots or lumps.
You should have good oral hygiene to prevent them from appearing.
Avoid low carb diets.
Following low carb diets produces ketosis, a process that forces the body to burn fats and proteins that are stored for energy.
During this process, the body releases chemicals such as ketones that cause a bad smell.
Your weight is a factor.
Obesity is a stimulating factor for unpleasant halitosis.
Different studieshave shown there's a link between being overweight and having bad breath.
Avoid mints.
Minty tablets and chewing gum are high in sugar. When a person eats one they think everything will be fine, but the effect is temporary. After the effect wears out, the sugars and bacteria remain suspended on the dental surface.
If you want fresh breath, try sugar-free mints.
-------------------------------------------
7 Curative and Nutritive Properties of Yams|HFE♪ - Duration: 7:35.
7 Curative and Nutritive Properties of Yams
Yams are tubers that are commonly known as sweet potatoes and they are very flavorful.
This tuber is great to add as a new ingredient to give a special touch to some dishes.
If you're pregnant and eat yams, your baby can also benefit from its nutritive qualities because it's very rich in folic acid.
Even though it has a tropical origin, you can find yams all over the world.
At first, yams became popular due to their sweet flavor.
Their sweetness got people to use them in desserts as well as main dishes.
Cooking yams is simple: all you need to do is roast, boil or mix them with any ingredients.
Below, you can learn more about their properties.
Curative and nutritive properties of yams 1.
Great for skin care Whether you like it or not, your skin is exposed to the sun.
Sun exposure causes spots on the skin.
Thus, your skin discolors naturally over time.
You should include yams into your diet to stop this natural process because yams are rich in beta-carotene (essential element for keeping skin smooth and clear).
Improves vision problems The reason lies in the vitamin A.
Yams are prefect for treating sight problems because they carry a very important element for vision. In fact, it's a recommended complement to therapies for vision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma and nighttime blindness.
You should eat yams at least three times a week to get the most out of their nutritional value for your vision.
Helps improve blood circulation On top of the vitamins, yams have antioxidants.
They help reduce high cholesterol levels, which causes blood to thicken and prevent it from flowing normally.
Yams are a great ally for cardio and cerebrovascular health. They also help you concentrate and improve our ability to process information because your mind is better nourished with yams than without them.
Works as a great pain reliever Among its curative and nutritive properties, yams also have the power to act as an anti-inflammatory.
It's all thanks to its polyphenol content, which significantly reduces discomfort and pain.
It isn't just any old pain reliever.
Besides eliminating pain, it prevents swelling.
So, it's a good idea to include them in your diet if you have joint pain, migraines or muscle contractions.
Eliminates leftover toxins Unfortunately, when you eat and drink, you consume foods that aren't exactly what you would expect them to be.
Food coloring, flavorings, lime, lead, among others.
All of them enter your body, and you can't do anything about it.
However, there is way to eliminate them because yams have a significant amount of glutathione.
Glutathione helps eliminate free radicals and heavy metals.
Even with medications such as acetaminophen, yams can help eliminate those toxins.
Prevents diabetes In previous posts, we've already talked about what happens with sugar.
Sugar is so good that it can become addictive.
However, glucose is dangerous for your health.
Thus, you should look for alternatives.
Yams are a good substitute for sugar and other foods that are high in additives, sweeteners, etc.
They also have high amounts of fiber, which helps you feel satiated.
By eating them, you can avoid getting hungry and giving into eating processed snacks between meal times.
Folic acid for pregnancy Once a woman becomes pregnant, she should start taking folic acid.
It's an important substance during the first stage of the baby's development.
A lack of folic acid could affect the fetus' brain and spine.
The curative and nutritive properties of yams are proof that natural foods are a source of health.
So, we hope you start eating more of them and remember all the benefits that have made them so popular over the centuries.
-------------------------------------------
Three Low-Fat Detox Diets|HFE♪ - Duration: 9:21.
Three Low-Fat Detox Diets
These cleansing diets will help your digestion and reduce bloating.
You should only follow them for the recommended time period to avoid undesired effects.
Low-fat detox diets have become our best bet for "restarting" or revving up the body organs that play a more crucial role.
These diets are low in fat and, thanks to the combination of ingredients that they use, they cleanse our body.
There are more and more people interested in detox diets, especially after having too large portions or experiencing symptoms such as abdominal bloating, gas and heaviness.
While you shouldn't follow these diets for long periods of time, using them temporarily helps the body eliminate toxins, reduce constipation and improve metabolism for easier weight-loss.
Want to give them a try? In today's post, we want to share 3 types of detox diets that you can add to try out as a weight-loss aid or for a health boost.
What should know know before starting any kind of detox? Detox diets are meal plans that have several objectives.
First off, they arm to purge and clean the body's excretory organs (liver, kidneys and colon) in order to help them work even better when facing toxins.
These diets are based off of light, easy to digest foods, which make them ideal for regulating digestion and reducing bloating.
Among other benefits, they strengthen the body's resistance against diseases and leave behind a noticeable feeling of overall well-being.
These diet plans aren't meant for forever as they're slightly restrictive.
You should aim to implement them for a maximum of 7 days, only three or four times a year.
Foods that are off-limits during detox Many everyday foods share characteristics that aren't apt for detox diets.
Though not all of these foods are "harmful", some have properties that complicate the cleansing process.
The most common are: Cured or encased meats Red meat Processed or prepackaged food Canned products Commercial baked goods Packaged fried foods or snacks Saturated oils and butter Fast food Beverages and carbonated drinks Coffee and chocolate 3 Low-fat detox diets that you should try In recent years, the interest in detoxes has increased so much that many diet plans now are designed with their characteristics.
Alternative cleanses, even ones that adapt to certain needs, are a common find.
Below, we're put 3 sample low-fat menus together that, besides detoxing the body, help it to burn calories to shrink in sizes more easily.
After finishing the diet, following it for a maximum of six days, you should continue with a balanced diet.
Detox artichoke diet When it comes to detox diets, the artichoke diet is one of the more effective ones.
It improves digestion, helps the body eliminate liquids and shed kilos fast.
Breakfast: One cup of artichoke tea with lemon, fruit salad and two sliced of whole-grain bread.
Mid-morning: One cup of vegetal milk or freshly squeezed orange juice.
Lunch: Brown rice with artichokes or artichoke salad with tomato and celery.
Snack: Diced fruit and two artichoke capsules (you can find these in a pharmacy or natural-food store).
Dinner: Grilled artichokes with a serving of chicken breast.
Note: You shouldn't stay on this diet for more than three days.
You can use this diet before starting a balanced diet for weight-loss.
Detox oat diet From a nutritional standpoint, oats are one of the more complete grains.
They've always been a part of detox diets because of the fiber and antioxidants that they boast are key for helping the body eliminate waste.
Breakfast: Three tablespoons of oats with milk and four strawberries.
Mid-morning: One serving of fruit or a cup of vegetable soup.
Lunch: Three tablespoons of oats with water or milk, mixed salad and a serving of baked chicken breast.
Snack: Fruit juice or tea.
Dinner: Three tablespoons of oats with water or milk, asparagus salad with olive oil and pinch of salt.
Note: The maximum length of time you should follow this diet is for five days.
You can switch up the foods in each meal for alternatives, but always including the oats as instructed. Detox tomato diet Thanks to their nutritional properties, tomatoes are one of the most popular ingredients in meal plans.
In this case, it plays the star role for one of the most well-known detox diets in the world.
On an empty stomach: One glass of fresh tomato juice.
Breakfast: Two boiled tomatoes, seasoned with oregano, olive oil and salt.
Mid-morning: One glass of fresh tomato juice.
Lunch: Tomato salad with bean sprouts or peppers.
You can add a serving of roasted chicken breast or salmon.
Snack: One glass of fresh tomato juice.
Dinner: Tomato salad with artichoke, bell pepper and serving of fish.
Before going to bed: End the day with another glass of tomato juice.
Note: You should only stay on this diet for three days.
If you experience cravings, you can add low-fat and low-calorie foods to your diet such as fruits or whole-grains. Does your digestion feel a little sluggish? Are you experiencing bloating? If you have these symptoms, it might be a good time to try out one of these detox diets.
Follow our recommendations and benefit from their properties.
-------------------------------------------
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Πριν από επτά χρόνια η Πέγκυ Ζήνα και ο Γιώργος Λύρας υποδέχτηκαν στη ζωή τους, την κόρη τους, Ηλέκτρα
Το λαμπερό ζευγάρι έχει δημιουργήσει τη δική του όμορφη οικογένεια για την οποία θα μιλήσει συνεχώς με τα πιο γλυκά λόγια
Με αφορμή μάλιστα τα γενέθλια της μικρής τους, η τραγουδίστρια δημοσίευσε τη νέα φωτογραφία της Ηλέκτρας της
Ο Γιώργος Λύρας και η Πέγκυ Ζήνα γιόρτασαν την ιδιαίτερη ημέρα, με τον κατάλληλο στολισμό για τα έβδομα γενέθλια της κορούλας τους
Να τη χαίρονται!!! Δείτε την ανάρτηση…
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Dream League Soccer Legends - Duration: 7:03.
Good folks like you asked for a lot, I decided to bring it to you,
the legendary team for Dream League Soccer, or legendary Dream League Soccer for you guys
I'll start in the beginning showing the team to you,
the team has the Totti, Pelé, Ronaldo, Iniesta, Pirlo,
Maradona, Chiellini, Maldini, Puyol, Buffon, Ronaldinho
we have Cristiano Ronaldo and Messi that I put,
Terry, Klose and Tonni
and several other players from name also which are ancient,
I'll come back here and I'll show you my uniforms for you,
these kits and this one as soon as I used it
I'll leave the link in the description for you too,
I can edit the team name, I can change and put any name,
now I'll show you, how they will change the angle of your camera,
you go in gaming game setup, you can change the camera language,
but below has display, audio, controls and advanced
can make the changes that you want,
I'm switching to my setup standard that I'm used to playing
Let me go a little further,
auto exchange I'll leave it on high,
fixed analogue control I'll leave it on,
Because my cell phone is mean bad to play,
I'm going to show my stadium, my stadium is at its maximum capacity,
Now I'll show you whether or not to play online,
as you see, is already looking for an opponent,
So let's play a game. or at least the beginning of it,
so I can show you
What with this team? for you to play online,
We found a team here. and the team is very strong,
has Thiago Silva and several other players,
let's begin the game,
the ball output is ours,
he played for Pirlo, from Pirlo to Maradona,
from Maradona to Chiellini, from Chiellini to Totti,
This is the personal game, I'm not going to show you the whole game,
Let's install the game here,
so let's here now begin the installation,
this is another dream League Soccer that I have,
so I'll show you that my team has no legendary players
and I'll show you too.
How are you going to put it? the legendary players,
I'm going to close the My Dream League Soccer
and I'll open the Es file Explorer,
I'll drag it to the side,
I'll look for the download folder, finding her I enter inside her,
the file name is ... Dream League Soccer (Legendary Players)
As soon as you download the link from the description,
you're going to hold onto the Pasta,
Let's go on more in those three dots just below,
go in to extract, now they will go in ok,
ready was extracted,
Now let's get in and get in. inside this extracted gravel,
let's get inside that other folder,
now we will pick up and hold on top of this file
and we go below in copying,
we will return three times back,
we'll look for the Android folder and let us enter into it,
click date,
Now we'll look for the leg of my Dream League Soccer,
I think it will be different from mine, I'll show you how it's yours,
com.firsttouchgames.dls3
as soon as they find it enters, now you go to Files,
now you will stick,
Let's apply it to everyone. and we are going to overwrite,
was installed,
now I'll close it all here and open up my Dream League Soccer,
Now you can see that my team is the legendary team,
It's the same team I showed at the beginning of the video,
now I'm going to play offline to show you,
for anyone who has never seen me playing offline I'm going to play a match here for you,
here's starting the game, the ball will start with their team,
they are touching the ball
I'm playing with a camera. which I do not like very much,
Ronaldo Nazaire ... From him to Pelé ...
beat and defended the goalkeeper,
Goalkeeper defended this ball who caught scraping on him,
One more ... Ronaldo ... Errei
I'm playing more for show for yourself,
The good thing about this team is that the Dream League Soccer does not have much of these players,
Now I do ... I wanted to play ...
I still did the goal,
Francesco Totti ...
Goal of Totti,
I'll play some more here,
Because it has not been long since I record a gameplay for you,
The ball begins with them again, 10 minutes from the first half,
The team is very weak ...
my team has everything their skills at 100,
Hit that distance ...
I wanted to play, I'm kidding,
I'm not wrong to be bad, is that very easy and loses grace,
the goal here will be to take a shot,
Let's see if I can,
I'll play some more I'll try to heel
Our mistake ...
I tried to take a shot but it did not work,
Let's try, I will. take a shot here,
one more ball of ours,
there to the other side,
right right
Pele ...
from Pelé to Ronaldo Nazário,
from him to Iniesta ...
that kick was at the angle,
again and got the goalkeeper,
It was in the middle of the goal ...
now will come the goal, Let's try one more time ...
take the ball
Wow where the goalkeeper went
goal ... goalie ...
First goal of the game ...
I did my best now Can I close the video?
I ended up giving a scooter in the goalkeeper and he lay down,
May God bless the life of each one of you
until the next video and stay with God, I went.
-------------------------------------------
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Physical Therapy - Memorial Orthopedic and Neurosciences Center, Belleville, IL - Duration: 3:32.
Physical Therapy
Talk about some of the things you might see on a typical day.
Bridget Whiteside Physical Therapist
A typical day would involve a diverse caseload with diverse patient needs and goals.
For example, I might see a patient whose goal is to get enough arm and leg strength to get
out of a chair sufficiently or independently.
And the next patient could be someone who is a high school baseball pitcher with a rotator
cuff injury whose goal is to return to playing his sport.
Another patient could be someone I'm treating for plantar fasciitis who's trying to get
a qualifying time for the Boston Marathon, so changing gears like that makes every patient
situation very unique.
What can patients expect during their first physical therapy visit?
When I do an initial evaluation on a patient, one of the main things that I look at is their
alignment and see how that might play into the problems that they're having.
I want the patient to know that they're going to get a thorough evaluation of alignment
and movement patterns, and that they should come away with exercise prescription that
I give to them that can help them reduce pain and improve flexibility and strength.
Discuss the importance of setting realistic goals.
Understanding the patient's goals are very critical to developing effective treatment
plans, and it's important to communicate what is realistic and what can can be achieved
in some cases with patients.
And letting them know that we will try everything that we can for them to achieve their goals.
What are some of the technologies you use in physical therapy?
Some of the unique features that we have at the Memorial East rehab facility would include
the Ultra G Treadmill which allows us to place the patient in an environment where they can
be as low as 20% weight-bearing while on the treadmill.
The Ultra G also has cameras that are set up to monitor motion and kinematics and in
the cardinal planes of motion that allows therapists to evaluate and then prescribe
exercises to address deficits that we see.
Another unique piece of equipment that we have at the Memorial East clinic is the Biodex
SD which is an objective way to measure balance and we use that on our vestibular patients
and balance patients as well.
We can also use the Biodex SD to do pre-season testing for athletes who are at a higher risk
for sustaining concussion.
Can you share a patient success story?
I had a patient who was involved in a snowmobile accident earlier this year, and she fractured
her clavicle.
Because of that she was unable to move her arm and she then sustained a frozen shoulder.
It was kind of a tough frozen shoulder to rehab, and she was thinking that she would
have to have a manipulation of the joint.
However, with diligent home exercise and coming to therapy, she has reported numerous gains
and objectively she's making improvements with her shoulder range of motion.
In fact just recently, she told me about one of her little victories, and that she could
reach her lamp on her nightstand, and she thought that was just really great.
And something like you know putting her hair in a ponytail was another small victory for
her.
So to hear my patients talk about those kind of gains, really is very rewarding.
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