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How Israel developed the most technologically advanced military across the globe
Unlike its Arab adversaries, Israel did not have natural resources to fund its economy.
There was no oil or minerals.
Nothing.
The delegation held a couple of meetings but was mostly met with laughs.
The Israelis were trying to sell oranges, kerosene stove tops and fake teeth, the New
York Post reports.
For countries like Argentina, which grew its own oranges and was connected to the electrical
grid, the products were pretty useless.
It�s hard to imagine this is what Israeli exports looked like a mere 67 years ago.
Today, Israel is a high-tech superpower and one of the world�s top weapons exporters
with approximately $6.5billion (�5.2billion GBP) in annual arms sales.
Since 1985, for example, Israel is the world�s largest exporter of drones, responsible for
about 60 percent of the global market, trailed by the US, whose market share is under 25
percent.
Its customers are everywhere � Russia, South Korea, Australia, France, Germany and Brazil.
In 2010, for example, ?ve NATO countries were ?ying Israeli drones in Afghanistan.
How did this happen?
How did Israel, a country not yet even 70 years old, become a superpower with one of
the most technologically advanced militaries in the world that is changing the way modern
wars are fought?
The answer, I believe, is a combination of a number of national characteristics unique
to Israel.
First, despite Israel�s small size, about 4.5 percent of its GDP is spent on research
and development, almost twice the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development average.
Of that amount, about 30 percent goes to products of a military nature.
By comparison, only 2 percent of German R&D and 17 percent of the US R&D is for the military.
Another major contribution is the culture of innovation and creativity in Israel.
Israelis are more willing to take risks than other nations.
They get this from their compulsory military service during which they are tasked, at a
young age, to carry out missions often with deadly consequences.
While Israeli 19-year-olds embark on operations behind enemy lines, their Western counterparts
can be found in the safety of their college dormitories.
Lastly, Israel has been in a perpetual state of conflict since its inception, fighting
a war almost every decade.
This reality, of having your back up against the wall, sharpens the mind.
It forces Israelis to be creative and come up with innovative ways and weapons to survive.
This is the Israel story �
Robotic border patrols ::
The Guardium is a part of a new category of robotic weapons known as Unmanned Ground Vehicles
or UGVs.
Israel is the first country in the world using these robots to replace soldiers on missions
like border patrols.
Already, Guardium UGVs are deployed along Israel�s border with Syria in the north
and the Gaza Strip in the south.
The Guardium is based on a Tomcar dune-buggy-like vehicle and equipped with a range of sensors,
cameras and weapons.
It can be driven by a soldier sitting in a command centre miles away or receive a pre-designated
route for its patrol, making it completely autonomous.
The increasing use of robots by the Israel Defence Forces is part of a larger strategy
to minimise risk to soldiers when possible.
In addition, soldiers require breaks, food and water.
All a Guardium needs is a full tank of gas.
Other UGVs in use by the IDF include the Segev, which is based on a Ford F-350 pickup truck.
Facing terrorists who use tunnels to infiltrate into Israel from places like the Gaza Strip,
Israel is also relying on UGVs like robotic snakes to slither their way into underground
passageways and enemy headquarters.
The robots will then map out the structures, giving soldiers an accurate picture of a battle
area before the place is stormed.
The same is happening at sea.
Israeli defence contractor Rafael has developed an unmanned patrol ship called Protector which
is being used by Israel to protect its strategic ports and patrol the country�s long Mediterranean
coastline.
The Arrow anti-missile programme ::
In 2000, the Israeli air force received its ?rst operational Arrow missile battery, making
Israel the ?rst country in the world with an operational system that could shoot down
incoming enemy missiles.
The idea to create the Arrow was born in the mid-1980s after President Ronald Reagan floated
his Star Wars plan and asked America�s allies to partner in developing systems that could
protect the country from Soviet nuclear missiles.
The Arrow was a revolutionary idea.
Due to Israel�s small size and lack of territory, all ballistic missiles deployed in the region
� Syria, Iraq and Iran � can reach anywhere within the country and pose a strategic and
possibly even existential threat.
Israel, the developers argued, needed a system that could shoot down enemy missiles over
neighbouring countries and provide overall protection for the tiny Jewish state.
The programme had its ups and downs but got a huge boost in funding after the First Gulf
War in 1991, when Saddam Hussein ?red 39 Scuds into Israel, paralysing the country and forcing
millions of Israelis into bomb shelters with their gas masks.
The Arrow was just the beginning.
Today, Israel has the Arrow, which is partially funded by the United States, to intercept
long-range ballistic missiles, David�s Sling to intercept medium-range rockets and cruise
missiles as well as the combat-proven Iron Dome, which has intercepted hundreds of Katyusha
rockets fired from the Gaza Strip in recent years.
Israel is the only country in the world that has used missile defence systems in times
of war.
These systems do more than just save lives.
They also give the country�s leadership �diplomatic maneuverability,� the opportunity
to think and strategise before retaliating against rocket attacks.
While other countries have also invested in missile defence, none has created a multi-tier
architecture like Israel.
Mini Spy Satellites ::
In 1988, Israel launched its first spy satellite into space, gaining membership in the exclusive
club of just eight nations with independent satellite-launching capabilities.
From the beginning, there were those who doubted Israel was capable of developing, building
and launching its own satellite, but in the nearly 30 years since that day, it has grown
into a satellite superpower, now operating eight different spy satellites in space.
This is a critical capability considering the threats Israel faces from countries like
Iran, which it still suspects is planning one day to build a nuclear weapon.
Israel has shied away from building big satellites and instead designs what are known as �mini
satellites,� which weigh about 300 kilograms (661 pounds) in comparison to America�s
25-ton satellites.
Israel�s spy satellites are split into two categories.
Most of Israel�s satellites come with advanced high-resolution cameras like the Ofek-9, launched
in 2010, which can discern objects as small as 50 centimetres (20 inches) from hundreds
of miles away.
Israel�s other category of satellites are known as the TecSar.
These satellites use a synthetic aperture sensor, basically a radar system that can
create high-resolution images at almost the same quality as a regular camera.
The advantage this technology provides Israel is tremendous.
A camera cannot see through clouds or fog, but radars can work in all weather conditions
and can even see through camou?age nets.
What this means is that Israel has the ability to track its enemies and gather intelligence
on them at all times of the day and through rain, fog or clouds.
Israel�s success in developing state-of-the-art satellites has caught the world�s attention.
In 2005, the French entered a strategic partnership with an Israeli company to develop a satellite,
and in 2012, Italy ordered a reconnaissance satellite, paying $182million (�145million
GBP).
Singapore and India have also reportedly purchased Israeli satellites over the years.
Drones ::
It is referred to in Israel as the �drone that can reach Iran.�
The Heron TP is Israel�s largest unmanned aerial vehicle with an 85-foot wingspan, the
same as a Boeing 737 airliner.
It can stay airborne for 24 hours and carry a 1-ton payload.
While Israel doesn�t openly admit it, the Heron TP is believed to also be capable of
launching air-to-surface missiles.
Israel was the first country in the world to operate drones in combat operations.
Its first use of drones was in 1969, when the Israel Defence Forces flew toy planes
with cameras glued to their bellies along the Suez Canal to spy on Egypt.
In 1982, it flew its first combat drone, called Scout, in Lebanon, where they played a key
role in locating and neutralising Syrian anti-aircraft missile systems.
That operation caught the world�s attention, and in 1986, Israel supplied the US Navy with
its first drone, known as the Pioneer.
A few years later, one Pioneer made history when it ?ew over a group of Iraqi soldiers
during the First Gulf War.
The soldiers saw the aircraft, took off their white undershirts and waved them in the air.
It was the first time in history that a military unit had surrendered to a robot.
Israel�s drones have revolutionised the modern battlefield.
They cost a fraction of a manned fighter jet � some as little as a few million dollars
� and participate today in every single operation conducted by the IDF.
Drones give soldiers the ability to make calculated decisions before invading territory or storming
enemy compounds.
Before Israel bombs a building in the Gaza Strip, for example, it always has a drone
in the air to ensure that civilians are not inside.
They also reportedly fly almost daily over Lebanon, tracking fighters for Hezbollah,
which is believed to have about 130,000 missiles capable of striking Israel.
The top-secret tank ::
To this day, the Merkava tank is one of Israel�s most top-secret projects.
It is said to be one of the most lethal and protected tanks in the world, and its construction
started out of pure necessity � the United Kingdom and other countries refused to sell
Israel tanks.
So in the 1970s, it started to build its own.
The newest model � known as the Merkava Mk-4 � is the most impressive.
It can reach speeds of 40 mph and comes with a new modular armour kit, meaning that the
tank can be ?tted with the armour it needs based on the speci?c mission it is heading
into.
An area, for example, known to be full of anti-tank missile squads requires heavy armour,
while an operation without the threat of anti-tank missiles means less.
This also allows tank crews to replace damaged pieces of armour on the battle?eld without
having to bring the full tank back to a repair shop inside Israel.
In 2012, the Merkava underwent its biggest change yet when a new system � called Trophy
� was installed on the tank.
Trophy is an active-protection system, basically a personal missile defence system for an individual
tank.
Trophy uses a miniature radar to detect incoming anti-tank missiles and then ?res a cloud of
countermeasures � basically metal pellets � to intercept them.
The radar also interfaces with the tank�s battle management system.
This means that once a missile launch is detected, the coordinates of the enemy squad that ?red
the missile are immediately obtained, allowing the tank to retaliate quickly
and accurately.
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