13 Mind Blowing Discoveries
13. The Cave Angel Fish Ever since the publication of his book On
the Origin of Species in 1859, scientists have been searching for evidence to fill the
gaps in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. In 1985, researchers discovered Cryptotora
thamicola, more commonly known as the waterfall climbing fish or the cave angel fish. Found
predominantly in water-filled caves in Thailand, this reclusive fish can climb steep inclines
both in and out of water. It belongs to the hillstream loach family, a durable grouping
of marine life that grows in algae. While other sea creatures such as pricklebacks,
killifishes, eels, mudskippers, frogfish and some species of catfish are capable of temporary
land-dwelling or mobility on the ocean floor, the cave angel fish is the only one with the
sophisticated spinal and fin structure to do both. Its discovery brought researchers
one step closer to understanding how the first vertebrates emerged from the sea roughly 375
million years ago.
12. Data Super Storage In 2013, data storage experts from the University
of Southampton in England demonstrated the concept of five-dimensional data storage.
By early 2016, their method reached its prototype phase with the creation of an encoded disc
capable of storing unparalleled file sizes and amounts that could last for up to 14 billion
years. Unlike other forms of data storage, the 5D disc uses a protected form of digital
dimensions called nano-gratings. Unlike optical discs like the everyday CD, 5D technology
allows information to be stored more densely and is less vulnerable to heat or chemical
corruption. The first files preserved using this new technology were the United Nations'
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the King James Bible, and the book Opticks by
Isaac Newton. Though it will likely be a few decades before these super-discs are available
for widespread commercial use, the scientists who created them are already looking into
more economical ways to duplicate and distribute their game-changing technology.
11. Understanding Malaria Researchers in the College of Medicine at
Penn State University have discovered the process by which Plasmodium falciparum, the
deadliest malaria parasite, attacks red blood cells by overtaking the immune system. Using
proteins that are meant to protect the human body from outside infection, P. falciparum
reverses the normal process of attacking invading bacteria by causing antibodies to do the opposite
of what they are supposed to - turning against the body itself. When these defenses become
immobilized, the parasite targets red blood cells and spreads the virus throughout the
body. In discovering this previously-unknown tactic of the disease, researchers gained
an invaluable and long-awaited insight into developing a stronger vaccine.
10. The Known Placebo Effect The placebo effect describes the physical
or mental state of relief experienced by an oblivious patient after they are provided
with a treatment or prescription that does not contain any real medical component. Such
"placebos" are often given out in the form of innocuous supplements like sugar pills.
This phenomenon has been the subject of extensive debate and research within the scientific
community since it was discovered by by a medic during World War II. But the recent
emergence of the "known placebo effect" may entirely change the way doctors attend
to their patients. Researchers at Harvard Medical School have introduced the concept
of what they call "open-label placebos." These are prescriptions that patients are
honestly told do not contain any proven medical benefit before they take them. Despite being
aware of their so-called medication's complete lack of chemical integrity, many patients
in an irritable bowel syndrome study experienced significant symptom relief. While it is unlikely
to become a realistic treatment for all diseases, further examination of the known placebo effect
has the potential to revolutionize medical care in the 21st Century.
9. Earth's Second Moon Named in part for the year during which it
was discovered by stargazers at the University of Hawaii Institute of Astronomy, 2016 HO3
is an asteroid that is estimated to have entered Earth's orbit in the early 20th Century.
It will likely be trapped within our orbit cycle for hundreds of years. Unlike Earth's
moon, which is a satellite to the planet, 2016 HO3's extreme distance led to its designation
by NASA as a quasi-satellite. Its small size and unique shape both cause it to circle the
third rock from the sun in a weaving, up-and-down ring pattern. This makes its rotation far
less conventional than that the moon or most other orbiting satellites.
8. Preserved Dinosaur Feathers Unlike the dinosaurs depicted in movies like
Jurassic Park, many real-life dinosaurs sported feathers. But due to their preservation in
sedimentary fossils, understanding the full function and proclivity of these feathers
has proven to be a difficult task for paleontologists. That changed when an almost 100 million-year-old
dinosaur tail was found preserved in amber by a team of experts from the China University
of Geosciences headed by Dr. Lida Xing. Unlike the excavations that led to other paleontological
revelations, this item was found not deep below the ground, but in the bustling amber
markets of Myanmar. The discovery marked the first time scientists were able to connect
the presence of feathers with the existing soft tissue and bones of the once-dominant
species on the planet. The piece of amber in which the tail was found was no bigger
than an apple, but the evidence it contained represents a turning point as the first non-fossil
artifact separating dino-feathers from bird feathers.
7. The Undead Gene The concept of the dead remaining sentient
or emerging from the grave may seem like a myth, but the discovery of the undead gene
was a very real scientific advancement. In 2016, Peter Noble, a microbiologist at the
University of Washington, led a team of researchers in following post-mortem gene activity in
the bodies of dead fish, mice and later humans. What they were not expecting to find was the
sudden acceleration of gene mobility throughout the bodies of these animals after death. This
may allow us to unravel some of the human body's most puzzling mysteries. For example,
it turns out that the same genetic coding that forms the body during embryonic development
is re-awakened after death due to a lifeless body's cellular similarity to an embryo.
This could add greater specificity in determining how long a murder victim has been dead in
the wake of a crime. The scientists also uncovered higher mobility among cancer genes in their
test subjects, a possible explanation for the increased rate of cancer diagnoses among
recipients of organs from deceased donors.
6. Planet Nine Believed to be 20 times larger than our own
planet, Planet Nine is a still-unseen celestial body that is apparently so large that it may
be tilting the orbit of Earth and perhaps even the orbit of the entire solar system.
While it is too distant to be spotted, even by the most enhanced telescope, its existence
was confirmed in early 2017 by Spanish astronomers as they monitored the unusual movement of
two asteroids recently pushed into a different orbit cycle. Other evidence pointing to the
far-off planet's existence includes the unique actions of objects trapped within the
Kuiper Belt. The cluster's movements around the sun were previously inexplicable, but
the presence of an additional planet seems to provide a new answer to that question and
potentially many more.
5. Sleeping Trees After extensive research into the nocturnal
habits of trees, a team of researchers from Hungary, Finland and Australia discovered
in 2016 that trees have the ability to sleep and regularly take advantage of it, just like
we do. Using laser-scanning technology that provided highly detailed digital maps of overnight
tree activity, these researchers monitored the movement of branches and leaves, thereby
discovering a pattern based on the time of day. The night-time drooping and day-time
straightening of the trees that were monitored suggested a system of rest before subsequent
photosynthetic processes. Measuring these actions in drastically different climates
and environmental conditions, the experiment proved that trees fall dormant for the periods
of time during which then can no longer take in the sun's energy. These findings provide
evidence of a night cycle for plant life, further linking the needs of humans with those
of our fellow earth-bound inhabitants.
4. "Proxima B" Unlike Planet Nine, Proxima B is an even farther
planet that can be seen due to its proximity with the sun. The only difference is that
it isn't near our sun; Proxima B orbits Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to
the one supporting our galaxy. First discovered at an observatory in Chile using a collection
of telescopes from all over the world, Proxima B is the first planet outside of our solar
system believed to be able to support life. This is due to its estimated climate based
on its orbit around the dwarf star to which it is linked. Rocky and warm, it may have
the elements needed for water to exist on its surface, enabling the growth and movement
of living organisms. But the prospect of life on this new planet remains unproven because
it has yet to be determined whether or not it has a pressurized atmosphere. Since it
is roughly four light-years, or almost 24 trillion miles, away from Earth, it is unlikely
that a human expedition to Proxima B will take place any time soon.
3. Dark Energy and Time The mysterious presence of dark energy, a
force that pushes the universe outward into a rate of accelerated expansion, has long
been a source of astonishment for physicists. But new evidence related to the strength of
gravity may explain the relationship between dark energy and the speedup of time. The name
"dark energy" comes from the force's invisible and unparalleled ability to expand
space faster than the familiar process by which gravity can pull it back in. According
to the findings of physicists V. G. Gurzadyan and A. E. Allahverdyan, dark energy is linked
to thermodynamics. This means that the orbit of objects like planets around the stars are
not dependent on the so-called "arrow of time" leading from the past through the
present into the future. Gravitational influence remains the same whether time moves forward
or in reverse. Thus, it is dark matter - not the push or pull of gravity - that has led
to the expansion of the universe. Therefore, if the awe-inspiring power of dark energy
could somehow be harnessed, it could potentially lead to time travel.
2. Majorana Fermion In a first in the field of quantum mechanics,
scientists at Princeton University discovered a new particle capable of simultaneous existence
as both matter and antimatter. The elusive particle - designated Majorana Fermion - was
captured by a two-story-tall microscope in late 2014. Confirmed by Dr. Ali Yazdani, the
exposure proved Italian physicist Ettore Majorana's theory of dual-role particlization to be accurate.
This breakthrough created the likelihood of major advancements in solving what had previously
been incalculable systems of computing. Furthermore, the unexpectedly stable nature of the new
particle is likely to lead to tremendous advances in science and technology, as many systems
will now have components that can function as both the ones and zeros integral to modern
enumeration.
1. Paralysis Reversal In April of 2016, doctors and neuroscientists
at Ohio State University's Wexner Medical Center working with experts from Battelle
Memorial Institute, completed the prototype for a device called NeuroLife. The groundbreaking
technology, fitted to a microchip implanted into the brain of a quadriplegic test subject,
reverses the effects of paralysis caused by spinal damage by reconvening the brain with
long-unresponsive muscles. Interpreting the 24-year-old car accident victim's thoughts,
the device bypassed the impaired spine to interact directed with the affected limbs
through a set of mechanical sleeves. While the NeuroLife technology was first shown to
enable movement in 2014, the 2016 advancements marked the first time in which a paralysed
individual could return to complex motor functions using artificial means. This activity included
swiping a credit card and even playing the video game Guitar Hero. All this was the result
of more than a decade of research into how to decipher brain signals using algorithms
to determine an effective sequence of electrodes. These findings may lead the way to returning
victims of paralysis to unrestrained, fully functional and independent lives.
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