Well, I just couldn't be more thrilled to be here and I am just mystified that I'm
up here talking to all of you. It just doesn't seem like it could have been 25
years ago that's coming through here. I'm talking about the decade of the
90s. It just feels amazing and I'm just really grateful and honored to be here.
The title of my talk is "Cooperation during booms and busts." And that part of it, I
was inspired by having my first day at the Institute, walking into the
building and seeing the bust of Gene Odum and going 'oh my gosh that's so cool!'
Now, this was before the time of selfies but that's what I would have done, had I been able to.
And I walked down the hallway and here comes the man himself.
Like 'Boom!'
Like 'whoa, I can't believe that happened!'
But of course, this title has an other meaning - and so Gene used the word
'cooperation' and we can think of collaboration, mutualistic interactions
as being so important in sustaining ecosystems during times of change, 'booms' and 'busts.'
We might think about that for other kinds of systems the ecosystems, social
systems, institutions, and that's the perspective that I want to bring today.
And like the others have said. It was hard to figure out what to say because
this is a picture of my bookshelf at F.I.U., and I looked through you know all these books and
so many ways in which the science of this place has informed my career from a
very outset. And so you know we use this red book and my general ecology
course, is an undergraduate at Kent State.
'Boom! 'Boom! 'Boom!'
All these really important works that have come out of here.
and when I was here as a PhD student, Frank Golley had us reading the
'Foundations of Ecology' book that had just come out.
And so you know how do I
isolate this period of the 90s and talk about the meaning of the work that
was being done then to my career, when in fact there's just this huge legacy of so
much work mattered so much all the way along.
So, I drew up this paper that Odum wrote in 1992. It's the great ideas in ecology for
the 90s. Where he kind of summarizes some of the major things that we have learned
like 20 different categories of learnings in ecology and I wanted to
really highlight two of them: Ecosystems are far from equilibrium and resource
scarcity leads to codependency.
and of course these two things are highly
related to each other. And we can use the strategy or the "stra-gedy" of
ecosystem development model to understand that right, so the '69 seminal
paper on this that shows how ecosystems go through a process of succession and
building up primary production and then the consumers catch up and the
respiration increases and things begin to level off in this mature phase and
Odum has a wonderful table in that paper that categorizes all the different
kinds of properties of early- and mid- and mature systems and that includes this
concept that mature systems may have more evidence of codependency because
nutrient cycles are internal and somewhat limiting and that leads to a
lot of mutualistic interactions.
And He would say things like 'cooperation for
mutual benefit is a really important survival strategy' that these multiple
interactions of was with occurring within communities are a stabilizing force.
This concept was really important to me in my Master's work that I did at
Iowa State and that I was just wrapping up into publications
when I came here, and that work I was studying a bunch of lakes across the
Midwest, looking at zooplankton and the
zooplankton were full of little epizoic-riders, little diatoms riding around on
them and it turned out that there was one species that was really really
common and that seemed to only live there and this is Synedra cyclopum
riding around on a daphnia and again in the first couple of weeks of being
here, I ran into Dr. Odum in the copy room and he said "well what are you
working on." Always so curious and I said "Well, I'm wrapping up these these
papers for my Master's work on epizoic-mutualism."
And he said "Well, what a wonderful, little mutualism that is."
[laughter]
I'll never forget that
Dr. Odum thinks what I'm working on is a wonderful " little mutualism."
And he said "Now I bet that interaction is a lot more common in
the most nutrient poor lakes that you've sampled."
And I was like,
[says to self under breath]"That isn't actually something that I'm looking at but maybe I should..."
and so I brought that into this paper that I was finishing up and you know
sure enough yeah the most nutrient limited lakes had more of these little
diatoms riding around on the Daphnia especially on the post abdomen where
those nutrients are coming out and the diatom is like 'yay, some nutrients!'
and the little animal is constantly growing a garden on its back and that's
also really a great thing during a nutrient limited situation.
So very influential impact on me early in my career and directly on
my Master's work. Then moving forward into my PhD other
aspects of the strategy of development model became important too and so I
wanted to bring up this idea 'pulsed stability' that Weixin also
talked about and that had later in the Odum, Odum, Odum 1995 paper's began to be
talked about as a post-paradigm in that these pulses of drivers are
really important in reorganizing ecosystems in a way that allows them to
continue to develop and this idea of disturbance as an organizing force in
ecosystems was really very central concept I feel like when I was here at
the Institute and I know I sat in Judy Meyer's stream ecology
discussion group once a once a week where we were reading papers on
disturbance in stream communities and trying to understand the the role of
disturbance, what is disturbance, and why does it matter and this continues to be such
an important body of study and had mobilized a lot of the kinds of work
that was being done like at the Coweta LTER program and so Odum talks about 'pulse stability'
and he actually uses a lot of wetland examples and in fact focuses on
the Everglades that cool habitat that goes wet and dry and that those pulses
really matter to on what we observe out there and I think this idea is
equally applicable to a sort of institutional dynamics as I mentioned at
the beginning and I just wanted to call out the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory,
which is where I did the bulk of my dissertation research, as a place
that kind of exhibits this pulse stability and I just drew out the trajectory of
changes that had occurred there over the years
when the Atomic Energy Commission established things in the 50s and Frank
Golley came in and began to look at the sorts of things that could
be done in an institution like that and said well you know we have this
grounding and radio ecology but let's diversify. We have a landscape that is
full of all these incredible habitats opportunities to conduct long-term
studies and he diversified the the programs at S.R.E.L. and enabled S.R.E.L. to
grow and grow and grow by the time I was there it was you know a huge assembly of
faculty and grad students and lots and lots of energy and then subsequently
what we were always worrying about funding from BOE and that was always a
struggle but then in the early 2000s you know that major crash and funding for
this facility really hurt S.R.E.L. and caused some major reassembly in ways
that were really really hard. Faculty losses, losses of graduate,
student support but what did that result in over the long haul? Well, a major
reorganization of energy and of direction and a realization that we not
only have to diversify what we do, but we have to diversify our funding streams
and there were some really successful attempts of that and that enabled S.R.E.L.
to kind of reemerge as a you know develop some new areas of study that
enabled faculty growth once again, student growth once again, and now
they're, I read on the website, up to 2100 publications and things are going very
very well there and that's a result of community, cooperation, people caring, and
thinking about what are strategies to keep us growing.
Well, this whole idea of
pulse stability and ecosystems was somewhat made possible by these
supercool habitats on this protected area of the Savannah River
Site that Gene Odum worked in.
The grasslands that he was in and looking at old field succession and
demonstrating these kinds of progressions toward stability and those
systems. Well that whole idea was really important to the work that I ended up
doing in Carolina bays. Another protected kind of habitat that was very
abundant across the property of Savannah River Site and my major professor was
Barbara Taylor and she was working out in these temporary ponds looking at
zooplankton population dynamics and findings that each little pond had a
really different hydrology and every pond that had a different
hydrology had a different zooplankton assemblage and she was really
questioning why is each pond so different from every other pond maybe we
could learn something about that through a paleo ecological approach and that was
the direction I was taking in my work with diatoms and so we went out and
cored lots and lots of months of Carolina Bays and I have this picture here I spent
about 10 percent of the time in the field taking diatoms samples and getting
sediment cores and about 90% of the time running away from various organisms
ranging from cottonmouths to feral pigs and feral dogs
big part of the experience of SREL but through all of that work we were able to
identify using all these diatoms in these sediment cores a high stand for
the development of this is paleo record here showing the diatom interpreted
hydrology and and we found a high stand for the development of wetlands across
the Atlantic coastal plain occurring about four thousand years ago and that
was a time when there was a lot of rainfall occurring in the southeast, a
lots more ponding enabled on these depressional areas of the landscape that
enabled productivity to exceed ecosystem respiration and for carbon then to
accrue and those sediments then have these wonderful records of assemblages
that enable us to reconstruct that so once again sort of finding evidence for
that predictable succession pattern or antigenic pattern in these wetlands, so
it was natural when I was looking for jobs and ended up moving down into the
Everglades ecosystem to take some of these ideas about reconstructing
hydrologic histories and trying to understand the possible futures for
wetlands from the perspective of these diatom records to again you
know kind of apply that whole stability and development model from Odum to the
Everglades ecosystem and that was made easier because of this wonderful field
trip and I couldn't remember exactly what year that was in but the porters
ran a little workshop with dozen or so graduate students where we learned all
about the South Florida ecosystem and then we took this wonderful field trip
and a couple of great big vans all the way down to South Florida, and
ended up at Bill Fitt's house in the Keys and just had an absolute blast and we
got to see how complicated this crazy Everglades South Florida ecosystem is -
hydrologic variability and all spatial and temporal scales, massive nutrient
enrichment problems, great big world scale or I mean a globally recognizable
restoration program going on. How exciting!
but it was obvious that there are lots of changes going on in the system
even then and in this boat that's John Chick who was the student here at the
time and that's the back of Patty Sauders' head but there were a whole bunch of us on that trip we've
really enjoyed it so much. Since then I just wanted to point out some of the
things that we're learning in our LTER program. The Everglades is changing so
fast. In some places, we have sea level rise happening in our very shallow
sloping landscape that means saltwater intrusion. The rate of saltwater
intrusion is super high in this ecosystem because we've dried it out so
much and there's so much less fresh water moving through and so if we use
the classic Odum model we would expect that this gradual change in a driver
would enable perhaps additional productivity and in this case we're
seeing transgression mangroves moving into Sawgrass communities in some places
but in other places we're seeing a complete loss of carbon happening.
We call this process peak collapse it's being observed in other wetlands around
the world, as well. Where sections of marsh are falling apart, the productivity
of the dominant Sawgrass is declining, we're losing thousands of years of
accumulated carbon to the atmosphere and to downstream waters and so that
phenomenon is something that we're quite concerned about and has motivated
examination of the Odum model and this reexamination was stimulated by John
Kominoski who we were lucky enough to hire at F.I.U. and is coming into the
leadership of the LTER program and we're in this process of renewing our
program or writing a renewal proposal and thinking about different
trajectories that ecosystems may take, reflecting a bit on what Monica (Turner) talked
about in that we have these novel combinations of extreme changes and
drivers that may cause different kinds of dynamics and ecosystems and those we
had seen in the past and so we've taken this model here on the left the the Odum
model and kind of said well you know what happens if we have other kinds of
combinations of drivers going on this middle one is is his idea of pulse
stability and drivers and presses that are predictable and not completely non
changing but not changing in any kind of rapid way that gives us an ecosystem
that's pulsing toward stability but we may also have slow changes and presses
amplified pulses that in some cases may cause resources to become more plentiful
and allow the ecosystem to further development to another kind of state and
that's similar to what or an example of that is the the transgression of
mangroves into sawgrass habitat where they become much more productive
but we also have this oppor--- potential for ecosystems to decline and
lose carbon, if we have presses changing and accelerated rates like sea level
rise, pulses changing in stochastic ways that may cause a stress
for the current communities and that may not be able to adapt at paces
commensurate with those changes and drivers and that may cause
ecosystems to decline and so what we're thinking about are ways in which human
interventions like through large-scale hydrologic restoration may allow us to
prevent this kind of decline by pushing us more toward a developing trajectory
and that process of course requires collaboration, cooperation across not
just ecologists and scientists but folks who are doing the management aspects and
concerned about governance of the ways in which water moves around in the
landscape and so that's a huge part of our LTER program is that
collaboration and so I just wanted to end on this point that collaboration,
informal interactions that occurred here for me as a student were so important in
creating the trajectory that my career has has gone on and I'm always just so
incredibly grateful for the experiences that I had here and I wanted to end with
the huge congratulations to the school in this 50 years celebration and with a
huge amount of gratitude toward all of my mentors and faculty and friends who
have been so instrumental in allowing my career to evolve and this is Karen and I,
Karen was coming down to Florida quite a bit and we're so lucky to be able to go
fishing together quite a bit and such great memories all the way around so
thank you again so much for this opportunity
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