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Political alliances manifest themselves here—on the voting floor of the United Nations General
Assembly in New York, New York.
In this room countries impose legislation that carries weight worldwide and so what
happens in this room is the physical materialization of the world's politics.
47 years ago, exactly that happened when one of the General Assembly's most consequential
votes occurred.
China, you see, essentially has two governments.
There's the Republic of China which used to control the mainland and Taiwan but today
only administers Taiwan and there's the People's Republic of China which controls
the mainland.
Both claim to be the rightful governments of all of the Chinese territory—both Taiwan
and the mainland—and so back in 1971 the United Nations had to decide which government
would represent China.
Essent ially, the question was which government was the rightful leader of the territory as
there could only be one in the United Nations.
The US was the main superpower opposing the People's Republic representing China as
it had a strong political and military alliance with the Republic of China government and
so the vote was essentially the US' sphere of influence versus the world.
Among the 35 countries that voted against the People's Republic were much of Africa—the
Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Liberia, Niger, South Africa, and plenty of others
that sided with the US.
Despite the US's efforts, the resolution ended up passing and the representative government
for China in the UN was switched to the People's Republic of China but what's interesting
about this is not the result, it's who voted against the People's Republic.
Since that 1971 vote, you see, something has changed.
In 2007, the UN general assembly met once again to vote on whether to adopt a resolution
condemning the human rights situation in North Korea.
As one of North Korea's strongest allies, this vote was China and its sphere of influence
versus the world.
In this vote, though, only Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, and Tanzania voted against China.
All the 43 other African countries either abstained or voted no along with China because
in the forty years between those votes, political ties changed.
Africa no longer bows to the US.
Much of the continent is now economically and politically aligned with the world's
fastest emerging superpower—China.
The simple answer for why this is is because China has pumped huge amounts of money into
the continent of Africa.
They're buying allies.
For example, China built a $3.2 billion railway in Kenya trekking the 300 miles from Nairobi,
the capitol, to Mombassa, the second largest city and primary port, in 4 hours and 30 minutes.
That's faster than what the fastest train in the US, the Acela Express, takes to travel
the equivalent distance from Philadelphia to Boston.
China also built a $526 million dam in Guinea which helped push the country from having
constant power shortages to making more energy than it needs and selling the extra capacity
to its neighbors.
China also built a $475 million light rail system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the first
of its kind in sub-Saharan Africa, designed as a way to combat the capital's crippling
traffic.
These are only a sampling.
There are literally hundreds of others of Chinese infrastructure projects in Africa
each year.
All across the continent, China is playing a part in projects both big and small that
are transforming African economies.
It's important to note that these projects are not, though, free.
Each of these three were financed by loans granted by China's state-owned and controlled
Export-Import bank and these loans do, of course, need to be paid back by the countries
granted them.
Large African infrastructure projects, though, would be viewed as risky by any traditional
bank and would therefore struggle to get financed but China's export-import bank doesn't
care.
Assuming cooperation between the Chinese and African countries' governments, this bank
will give low-interest or no-interest loans to African countries so they can build these
trains or dams or other projects.
These loans are therefore considered a form of foreign aid since China doesn't expect
to get all their money back, at least adjusted for inflation, since they're not charging
much interest and there's a high risk of default.
Of course China isn't just financing these projects out of kindness.
For each of them there's a political goal behind it.
You see, the country of China is running out of growth potential.
Its era of double digit year over year GDP growth is over as it makes the shift from
industrializing to industrialized.
Africa, meanwhile, is one of the least developed areas of the world and a lack of development
actually makes fast growth easy.
The first step of economic development for many countries is natural resource exploitation.
Nearly every country has some level of natural resources that they can use to kickstart growth
but first they need to have enough money to build the infrastructure and take the steps
needed to gather these natural resources.
As everyone knows, it takes money to make money and China has money.
By investing in African mining and farming, China can profit off of Africa's growth
and fuel the business back in China that require minerals and food, but in addition to it serving
as a source of natural resources, Africa has another resource—labor.
It might seem strange that China, the country that the world uses for low-cost manufacturing,
is looking for a labor source elsewhere but that is exactly what it's doing.
China is a victim of its own success.
The economic development that its manufacturing industry brought pushed a large segment of
its population into the middle class which raised labor costs country-wide.
It's not bad news, China as a country has shifted from having a low-skilled to a medium-skilled
workforce as their education level has improved, but for the lowest cost, lowest skilled manufacturing
work, the country of China is no longer competitive.
Therefore, Chinese manufacturing firms are setting up their own operations in Africa—one
of the cheapest and lowest skilled labor markets in the world.
Today, China is now the largest trading partner with Africa as a whole.
Despite China being a vastly larger country than the US in population, the US and China
both trade a similar value of goods worldwide each year.
In this case, though, whereas $48 billion worth off goods were exchanged between the
US and Africa in 2016, China traded $128 billion worth of goods—nearly three times as much.
Now, the whole idea of setting up a structure of power over other less developed states
in order to gather resources and use their labor force might sound familiar because that's
largely what colonialism was.
The motives behind European powers expanding their territory to less developed nations
in the 15th through 20th centuries were remarkably similar to the motivations behind China's
growing economic influence in the developing world today.
Despite what some may say, there is empirical evidence that China has been using these infrastructure
investments to affect worldwide politics.
It's been found that if an African country recognizes Taiwan as a country they receive,
on average, 2.7 fewer Chinese infrastructure projects within their borders each year.
Conversely, if an African country votes overwhelmingly along with China in the United Nations General
Assembly, they receive 1.8 more infrastructure projects per year.
Considering that the General Assembly is an equal representative body where each country
gets one vote no matter if they have a million residents or a billion, China's getting
a lot of influence for, in the grand scheme of things, not a lot of money.
China touts the fact that their foreign investment and aid is "no strings attached."
Unlike other institutions that give low or no-interest loans to developing countries
like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank, China give loans with no requirements
on factors like respect of human rights or democratic elections.
Of course, this data linking infrastructure investment with political leanings shows that
there are indeed hidden strings that require benefit for China rather than benefit for
the receiving country.
Western powers are understandably concerned about this shift in power dynamics towards
a country with vastly different ideals.
In 2017, China entered a select club as it opened a military base in Djibouti.
While four other countries have bases in Djibouti—France, Italy, Japan, and the US—this base was unique
as it was China's first base abroad and those by themselves, military bases abroad,
are unique.
Only 15 of the world's most developed and militarily powerful countries worldwide have
them and now China is one of them.
Although, western powers might be worried for the wrong reasons.
The government of China is clearly putting a lot of focus and money into Africa but not
as much as you'd think based off the result they're getting—vast amounts of influence
over a whole continent.
There are two key numbers to look at.
In 2015, China loaned just $12 billion to African countries.
In the same year, the country invested a mere $3 billion in the continent.
That's just not much but the reason China is gaining this enormous influence over the
continent is because the Chinese government no longer has to force this phenomenon.
Private Chinese industry is taking hold of Africa.
Of the estimated 10,000 Chinese businesses in Africa, 90% of them are privately owned
rather than one of the numerous Chinese state-run companies.
The Chinese companies in Africa are actually making money—some substantially so.
The Chinese government certainly has provided a considerable push to the industrialization
of Africa but now that that's done, economic forces are moving the initiative further forward.
Chinese small business is gripping the continent.
Much of the western world is ignoring the prospects of the continent—ignoring that
business in Africa can now be as profitable as business in China was when its period of
tremendous growth began.
Right now, Africa is establishing itself as the source of labor and resources for China
and so, until the west pays attention, Africa will continue inching forward on its path
towards becoming China's China.
One of the techniques used to predict the GDP or GDP growth of a country, which is of
course used to decide which country to invest in, is machine learning.
For example, here's what a machine learning model predicted a country's GDP would be
over three months and here's what it actually was.
It forecasted the country's GDP far better than humans did.
The science behind predictions like this is complex but fascinating.
If you want to learn how it works, though, the best place to do so is brilliant.org.
Their machine learning course makes this advanced concept simple because their simple explanations,
illuminating graphics, and thought-provoking questions break a concept down into small
packages and then builds it back up to the final result.
They truly are experts in successfully teaching complex topics.
They also have plenty of other fascinating courses on topics like computational biology,
number theory, artificial neural networks, and more.
You can start learning for free at brilliant.org/Wendover but then, if you want to access the full range
of classes with their premium subscription, the first 200 to use that link will also get
20% off their annual premium subscription.
Thanks for watching and we'll see you again in three weeks for another Wendover Productions
video.
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