>> Luciana: Hello.
So this week we're going to talk about listening again.
And this week is going to be about lectures.
So if you remember, last time we talked about listening,
we talked about conversations.
And in the listening part of the talk,
we're going to have conversations and lectures.
So this week we're going to focus on lectures.
So here is some information about lectures.
First of all, there will be about four lectures
that you're going to listen to and answer questions
on the topic, and we're going to talk a little bit about them.
>> Elise: You will listen to each lecture only one time,
so make sure that you're taking really good notes while you're
listening to the lecture, because you only get one chance.
>> Luciana: True.
And we're going to talk
about taking notes today on this video too.
>> Elise: Yeah.
>> Luciana: Also the lecture is usually presented
by a professor, so you're going to listen
to a professor saying all the information.
>> Elise: Okay, sometimes it's a conversation between a professor
and a student, or a professor and more than one student.
Make sure that you take notes on both the students
and the professor, not just the professor.
Because there will be questions based
on what the students say as well.
>> Luciana: Also, each topic test will present you
with several different subjects for the lecture.
So you're going to listen to lectures on anthropology,
biology, literature, chemistry.
All of these academic topics.
But do not worry if you do not know a lot about the subject,
because all the information you need
to know will be in the lectures.
So yeah, if you have some background information
about the topic, great.
But if you don't, don't panic.
All the information is going to be in the lecture.
>> Elise: And then finally, you'll be told the type of class
that you are listening to before the lecture.
So you'll know whether it's going to be a lecture
about biology or a lecture about chemistry or history.
So you won't be surprised, like, "Oh, this is about biology,"
because they'll let you know
in the instructions before they start the lecture.
>> Luciana: So before I show you an example of a lecture,
we wanted to review some notetaking strategies.
If you remember, some weeks ago we studied.
So for example, when you take notes, what do you remember?
>> Elise: Well, first of all, you only want
to write down content words.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numbers, WH questions.
Because those are the important words.
You do not want to write down function words which are
like grammar words, like articles
and sort prepositions and helping verbs.
Those aren't necessary in your notes.
And please, don't write whole sentences.
>> Luciana: Also, use symbols when you can,
abbreviations when you can.
Write as fast as you can.
It doesn't have to be pretty.
You don't have to worry about spelling, so all of the things
that we talked about when we talked about conversations,
they apply to the lectures as well.
So as a review, we are going to --
Elise is going to read a short paragraph and I'm going to try
to take notes as fast as I can.
So then we can review some of the strategies.
So let's see what happens.
>> Elise: Okay.
Portland Community College is one of the largest schools
in the Pacific northwest, with enrollment numbers of 93,000.
That makes PCC over four times larger than most colleges.
PCC has a partnership with Portland State University,
which allows students to take courses at both schools.
For example, Jan Evans is taking her English requirements
at PCC while she begins engineering classes
at Portland State University.
This dual enrollment decreases the cost
of getting a college degree.
>> Luciana: Whew, okay.
So as you can see, the notes are not pretty,
but I got all the information.
I got PCC and PSU, so I used acronyms that I will understand.
Northwest, and then numbers and symbols, like bigger than
and the arrows as well.
The arrow for decrease as well.
So then if I have to answer questions right away,
then I can just look at my notes,
even if they are not pretty.
And they I can find the answers right there.
So another thing that we have to pay attention to when we focus
on lectures or take notes on lectures is
that each professor is going
to organize ideas in different ways.
So we're going to go through some of the ways
that professors can organize the ideas in the lectures.
So again, Elise is going to read a few examples of lectures,
just a few sentences, and then we're going
to see the relationship among ideas here.
So the first one is definition.
So some of the lectures will focus on definitions,
will give you definitions of something.
So here is an example.
>> Elise: Okay.
A menu is a list of computer functions
that appears on the screen.
>> Luciana: So, as you can see, when you are listening
to definitions, then you could use the equals sign,
so then you know that it's a definition.
And you also notice that that is what the professor is saying,
how he or she is organizing the ideas.
And on the topic exam, usually one of the questions
for the listening is about how the teacher organizes ideas.
So then you will be ready to answer that question as well.
>> Elise: So the next one for organization
of ideas is classification.
Two types of motivation has been identified
by cognitive psychologists.
Intrinsic motivation, which is based on internal factors,
as for example curiosity or the challenge to succeed.
Whereas extrinsic motivation involves external incentives
such as rewards or even punishments.
>> Luciana: So again, as you can see, they are not pretty.
But as soon as she said they can be classified
into two categories, then I have here the classification.
So then I know that motivation will be classified
in two groups, right?
So then again, even if I don't have complete words in here,
abbreviations, in the listening the questions are going
to be multiple choice format.
So then even if you don't have the complete words,
then you can guess later based on your notes.
So they don't have to be complete.
So another type?
>> Elise: Okay, so the next type I'm going to model is sequence.
So the history of cubism falls into three phases,
the Ceson phase which lasted only two years from 1907-1909.
Followed by the analytical phase from 1910 to 1912,
which by the way, was the phase
in which the most abstract purification
of the form was realized.
And finally, the synthetic phase beginning in 1913.
>> Luciana: So again, when she said history,
then I already knew it's going to be something chronological.
So usually for history lectures, you would want to use one,
two and three, the more chronological format.
You will see probably facts in order.
So next one.
>> Elise: All right.
So the next one that I'm going
to model is comparison and contrast.
Although each person is responsible for one instrument
in most sections of the orchestra,
the members of the percussion section are required
to play several instruments in one concert,
or even for one composition.
>> Luciana: So this one is a compare and contrast,
so then doing like an X or versus or something
that will show you there is a difference between the two.
So in this case, each person
in the orchestra plays one instrument,
except the percussionists that play more than one.
So then here you can see right away
that it's comparing the two.
>> Elise: Okay, the next one I'm going
to model is cause and effect.
When temperatures on the earth dropped below the melting point
of the rocks on the surface,
the outer crust gradually solidified.
>> Luciana: So again, not pretty at all.
But you can see when the temperatures go down,
then here is symbolizing cause and effect.
So when this happens, then this happens.
So then I know right away when I'm answering the question
that this is cause and effect.
And finally.
>> Elise: And the last one that I'm going
to model is problem and solution.
The problem is that most populations of ginseng
in Canada are too small
to survive unless they are completely protected
from harvesting by humans.
>> Luciana: So then here also, problem/solution,
the notetaking strategy would be very similar to cause
and effect, because something happens because of something.
So then here the population of ginseng is too small.
It's going to die, so then the only solution is
that there is no more harvesting.
So then you can see using lots of symbols
that will help you understand the organization of the ideas
and you take notes faster.
And again, just to remind you, they don't have to be pretty,
but you have to understand what you're saying.
If you don't have a system and then you just write words
in there, then it's not going to make sense later.
So you have to find a way that works for you.
So we'll show you an example of a lecture in the next video.
>> Elise: All right.
Thank you.
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