There are different models of fan
ownership in football. Germany employs
the 50+1 rule, which prevents
private individuals or companies from
holding a majority shareholding in a
football club. There are minority fan owned
models in which Supporters Trust's work
alongside private investors whilst maintaining
any influence over the direction and the
running at the club and there are
entirely supporter owned clubs which often
operate as IPS organizations run by a
trust and maintained by a Democratic
membership. England's fan-owned clubs are
are also often categorized by their specific
circumstances. For example, Wycombe
Wanderers are categorized as a supporter
buyout. This is because supporters bought
the existing club rather than forming a
new club or reforming a liquidated
club. Scarborough Athletic FC are known
as a phoenix club,
this is because the club was reformed
following Scarborough FC's liquidation.
Amongst others there are also protest
clubs. FC United of Manchester are an
example of this; a new club formed by a
group of individuals at odds with the
Glazer takeover and the general running
of Manchester United. Many of these
models operate on a one-member one vote
basis and use trusts of nominated and
elected members to run the club
day-to-day. Most fan-owned clubs also have
manifestos dedicated to sustainable
operations and community support. FC
United of Manchester, as an example, are
an industry and providence society or an
IPS. In short this is an organization
that runs either as a cooperative or for
the benefit of the community and in FC
United's case, uses its profits not only
for reinvesting in the club but for
investing in the community.
In an IPS, profits are never withdrawn by
shareholders. In summary to be regarded
as a fan-owned club, a club must have at
least fifty percent plus one of its
shares owned by the supporters who pay
affordable fees to be members of the
Supporters Trust. The trustees are
elected by the members to represent the
members. Financial sustainability is key
and community support is vital.
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