When I make my video, it's the day of the Earth ...
I would like to tell you how much I find it beautiful, how rare it is and how
we are lucky to be there.
Take care of it because it's your home, do not you do not take for grown-ups to think
that everything will be fine and that you control everything, while the Earth is so small around
the intergalactic immensity in which it is hardly visible that a molecule ...
Today is Earth Day and she will never find her species again
disappeared, its previous seasons and its glaciers ...
Observe and preserve what we have left and not what she has yet to give.
Let's leave things in their place and take advantage of its oxygen, its water and its landscapes ...
This is the third planet in our system solar, before trying to leave it let's try
to preserve it ...
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Falcon 9 rocket from SpaceX has put into orbit, on behalf of NASA,
a space telescope called TESS.
Nice name for a telescope.
Even if it is to say coldly "Transiting Exoplanet Satellite Survey ".
It is intended to study the exoplanets.
In our solar system, we have eight planets, from Mercury to Neptune.
And for twenty years we have discovered the first exoplanets, which
so are planets revolving around others stars as the Sun.
There was already the Kepler telescope, which is a satellite of NASA.
His goal was to stay on parts of fields of the Milky Way, filled with hundreds
of thousands of stars and stay very, very long on these fields to discover
by transit of the planets outside of our system.
So by the same technique as this new satellite.
So what is the technique transit? It's finally enough to wait
long to hope and observe a lot of stars and to hope to see in front of a
star, a small eclipse due to the passage, in front of the disc of the star, of a planet,
and so discover an exoplanet.
Kepler has been operating for about ten years, and discovered more than 3000 exoplanets,
most pretty far away.
But TESS is a small revolution, something we have been waiting for a very long time.
TESS will monitor about 500,000 stars in two years and these 500,000 stars are
relatively close, within 200 light-years.
This will allow more detailed studies exoplanets that will be found
around these stars.
After, there are different techniques detection of exoplanets, it is
extremely difficult thing that besides been successful for the first time he
almost 20 years ago.
With this technique of transits, it is necessary to be very patient to monitor a lot
of stars and wait until there is a small drop in brightness that will recur
with a very characteristic form, which will be able to tell us that there is,
around this star, an exoplanet or even several.
Like for example the one we found with our TRAPPIST telescope installed in
northern Chile, which will help to find the planetary exo system Trappist-1, by
exactly the same technique.
So here, what's new is that it can be said that it is a satellite with
four small telescopes inside, which will cover large areas of the sky,
monitor these regions of the sky during to about 30 days, but continuously.
The big advantage of being in space, unlike to the telescopes that are on Earth, that's
to be able to monitor continuously and do not have the alternation of the day and the
night, or even clouds on Earth, that make very difficult things.
The goal obviously is to be able to study these exoplanets with more details.
We can measure the size of the planet, the density of the planet, its orbital period,
to know what brightness she receives from his star, try to characterize them
at most.
What we would like to know, too, is if, for example, they have an atmosphere
and if in this atmosphere, potentially, there could be traces, biosignatures
which would indicate to us the possibility of life on these planets.
What is needed is to find exoplanets sufficiently close to the solar system to
to study atmospheres in detail of these exoplanets.
In fact TESS will cover the whole sky of the southern hemisphere and the hemisphere
north and we will be able to know if the stars that we see with the naked eye, in the sky,
have exoplanets that pass in transit in front of them.
Tess is the washing machine dreamed of astronomers and astrophysicists who
probe the distant worlds.
The little gem of NASA had a flight without cluttered this Wednesday, April 18, 2018 and deployed
its wings - its two solar panels - a hour later.
The US group SpaceX had planned the launch for Monday, April 17, 2018.
SpaceX decided to cancel the launch two hours before the start of
this one, in order to check the systems navigation of his rocket.
According to NASA, TESS could discover 20,000 exoplanets, including about fifty
size of the Earth and nearly 500 that would be twice as big as our planet.
Recall that Kepler's mission has already allowed to discover 2,300 confirmed exoplanets
by other telescopes.
TESS is equipped with four very sensitive who will be able to monitor
almost the whole sky.
That's almost 20 times what the Kepler mission could detect.
Kepler had been launched "to meet to a question: how common is it
to find a planet like the rotating Earth around a star like the Sun? Moon
many and incredible things that Kepler we learned is that the planets are
everywhere and there are all kinds of planets.
TESS goes to the next step.
If the planets are everywhere, then it is time for us to find the planets the
closer to us who are in orbit around bright stars close.
The next step will be for telescopes Earth and space, to observe the planets
thus detected even closer.
The James Webb Space Telescope, which must succeed in Hubble and whose launch is planned
in 2020, may be able to detect signatures molecular atmospheres of exoplanets,
including the signature of the presence of life.
TESS is a bridge between what we already have learned about exoplanets and what we learn
in the future.
With the hope of one day, in the next decades, identify the conditions
potential of the existence of life outside of our solar system.
The first data collected by TESS should be made public in July
2018.
The price of this two-year mission is at $ 337 million.
This new space telescope is not bigger than a refrigerator, but containing
the best in technology.
It will take to the new telescope in the 60 days to reach its orbit strongly
elliptical.
Kepler broke down in 2013, after four years of activity, knowing then
a malfunction of a mechanism that allowed him to point in one direction
given of the celestial vault.
And even though scientists have found means of keeping it in
practically more fuel.
Remember, a few decades ago, the idea of finding habitable planets
was a pure fantasy [...] Humans always wondered if we were
alone in the universe, and until there is 25 years the only planets we knew
were the eight of our solar system.
But since then we have found thousands planets orbiting other stars,
and scientists think that all stars of our galaxy must have their
own family of planets.
We could even find planets in the orbit of stars that we can see
to the naked eye.
In the next few years, we will be able to probably go out and point a star
knowing that she has a planet and maybe from life.
Most stars, probably all the stars are surrounded by planets
rocky in the sense of the Earth, that is to say a pebble rather than a ball of gas.
That poses a problem: what is life ? It brings the question back to the environment
conducive to life as we can imagine, that is to say with liquid water.
It becomes a climate problem.
Water is everywhere.
But it is often in the form of ice or steam.
Liquid, it must be fair to good temperature.
So you need the right climate.
Nevertheless, the discovery of an underground ocean on one of Saturn's moons revives the hypothesis
of a possible extraterrestrial life in our solar system but also outside
of its area of habitability.
We only rely on universal equations able to simulate all the details of this
is happening on Earth because it's more simple, fast and finally a priority
than to look for liquid water or of life around gaseous giant like
on Encelade.
To imagine what could happen to light years, it is necessary to simulate numerically
the six atmospheres of the solar system: Venus, Earth, Mars, Titan (satellite of Saturn),
Triton (Neptune) and Pluto.
What we have learned, with Venus, Mars, Titan ... is that the equations initially
developed for Earth's climate work very good and extrapolate very well.
So for researchers, if the equations operate at the level of the solar system,
why would not they be so valid on the exoplanets, whose existence
been attested as early as 1990? On this principle, they study the "new promising worlds"
and you will understand, TESS will allow to enlarge its potential worlds to study.
The questions of the origin of the solar system, of our own origin, of universality
planetary systems go beyond the beauty of science.
These are very deep questions, Tess will bring elements
new.
We do not currently have a lot of systems that are similar to the system
solar and we ask the opposite question, of the particularity of the solar system that
would have promoted the development of life.
By studying other planets, we will try to better understand the history of our
own system.
Personally, I am excited about the large number of planets that lie
between the size of the Earth and Neptune that TESS will find.
These are the most abundant types of planets, and we know very little about them, because
that there is none in our system solar.
That said, many of the stars that the TESS will examine will be smaller and darker
than ours: the red and "cold" dwarfs which are the most common types of stars
in the Milky Way.
Planets that orbit these stars to a distance that is neither too hot nor
too cold for liquid water to exist are snuggled in orbit close enough to their
stars so that scientists can find them on time scales of
several months.
In addition, the worlds that the TESS hopes to find will be better located for observations
that could reveal if metabolisms extraterrestrials move on their surfaces,
under their seas or in their clouds.
And if Kepler did not fulfill this mission is that the majority of exoplanets
of Kepler are too far away and the stars are too pale for such observations.
The TESS satellite can participate punctually to other observation missions, stars
doubles to supernovae through the black holes close.
At present, to determine whether exoplanets are likely to house
an intelligent life form, researchers rely mainly on techniques
listening or the analysis of their atmosphere by spectroscopy.
The starting idea is quite simple.
Hector Socas-Navarro thinks that a civilization intelligent having reached or exceeded our
own level of technology will inevitably seek to place artificial objects in the orbit
of his planet to study it.
To do it and considering the basic rules in physics, she will have no other
choice to place these hypothetical satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
Just like the Earth, it is possible that world harboring an intelligent species be
also surrounded by a garbage belt space.
The question is obviously to know if we have the technical means to spot
such a belt.
This will be exactly the case with TESS.
Then comes the question of techno-signatures : they can take the form of messages
extraterrestrial radio, laser beams pulsed, residual heat produced by
advanced civilizations, phenomena strange in stellar brightness or
even the complete disappearance of their stars.
In other words, scientists at the search for manifestations of civilizations
advances should predict the unpredictable and scrutinize the least weirdness.
However, provide proof of an origin technological rather than astrophysical to
the more fun look will not be easy.
How much, if that was the case, and that we discover life on another
planet, the next big step would consist to get very close to an extraterrestrial world
: this is where the project Breakthrough Starshot enters the scene.
It concerns for the moment Alpha Centauri but could be used in this hypothesis
of life on another world.
This is a nanoscale spacecraft which will be sent on the Alpha system of
Centaur in the next decades and capture the first images of an exoplanet
from his own system.
A process that would be much faster than to send an inhabited shuttle that would weigh
several tons.
And then, if an intelligent life was detected ; conveying a message is one thing, the
to decipher is another.
Reference systems between a civilization alien and ours are likely to
completely different.
When we discover a tribe on our Earth, it's already very complicated to communicate,
we try to talk to each other with our hands and again, it's difficult.
So imagine the extraterrestrials via waves radio.
Scientists rely on the laws a priori [really] universal like those of the
physical or even chemistry.
We can give indications of place, origin for example.
But again, here we must reflect how to communicate universally
because the GPS coordinates are based on the data of the Earth, and even on the
meridian of Greenwich, human choice everything at random.
But make noise in the universe, would not it not play with fire?
Stephen Hawking feared him ...
One day we could receive the signal of a viable planet, we should show ourselves
cautious before answering, he said in July 2017.
These extraterrestrials, could be " marauders who roam the universe at the
search for resources to plunder, planets to conquer and colonize ".
Do you remember those eleven mysterious "fast radio bursts" recorded since
2007, but captured for the first time in real time in 2015 and revealed that
2017?
At the time, researchers were advancing possibility that the manager is a hole
giant black.
Many enthusiasts did not hesitate, for their part, to advance a hypothetical
extraterrestrial origin - theory never really considered by scientists but not
not further apart.
In reality, the origin and the exact cause these signals were still unexplained.
There are five radio signal analyzes (in more than 11 originals) that have not yet
have been published.
His rapid bursts would come from a dwarf galaxy located at over 3 billion
light years from Earth.
We would obviously be very frustrated if a check was positive, the
problem being the space-time separating us from this source.
A return message should be made over centuries ...
Answer one of the most delicate and profound that humanity poses
will inevitably require perseverance, patience and daring.
One day maybe we can say without failing that we are alone (or not)
in the cosmos, in the same way that the presence of other planets in the sky
is irrefutable.
We hope Tess will help us answer to this question.
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