Youtube daily report Aug 26 2017

Warning: Sodium is a dangerous reactive metal.

P-chlorophenyl acetonitrile and dioxane are carcinogenic.

Wear gloves and work outside or in a fume hood.

Methanol is flammable and reactions with sodium are fire hazards.

Fire safety protocols must be in place.

Greetings fellow nerds.

I finally got the next the step of pyrimethamine synthesis to work so in this video we're going to make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile.

This is step 5 of the pyrimethamine synthesis.

First we start with 300mL of methanol dried and distilled from molecular sieves 3A as i've shown in a previous video.

Setup on top a reflux condenser.

Now get 15g of sodium metal.

I showed how to make this in a previous video using magnesium, sodium hydroxide and dioxane.

Links are in the video description.

Cut and roll the sodium into wires like this so we can drop them through the condenser.

Now one by one drop them in with the cooling water turned on.

Don't drop in too much at once or the bubbling will go out of control.

Drop in a piece at a time and let the bubbling get back under control before dropping in more.

What we're doing is reacting sodium with methanol to make sodium methoxide while generating hydrogen gas.

In previous video i showed you can also make sodium methoxide by reacting sodium hydroxide and methanol

and then removing the water with molecular sieves.

That method is much slower than using sodium metal but much safer since it never overheats.

Adding sodium to methanol is dangerous in that it can get so hot that it catches fire.

Considering that methanol and hydrogen gas are both highly flammable this can go very bad very quickly.

Nonetheless, because this is a very fast method and clean method, it's the preferred method in most laboratories.

You also don't get contamination by molecular sieve dust which can be problem for some reactions.

Eventually all the sodium will react and we'll have a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol.

Now reassemble your reflux apparatus into a distillation apparatus and distill off the methanol.

We want relatively solvent free sodium methoxide for the next step.

The reason why we started with excess methanol rather than stoichiometric is because solid sodium methoxide can precipitate out.

This blocks further reaction so it's almost impossible to perfectly react sodium and methanol in a 1:1 ratio.

So we add excess methanol and then remove it by distillation.

Don't discard this distilled methanol.

It's still pure and it's also water free which is useful for upcoming videos where we'll need it again.

Now the final amount of methanol is very hard to boil off so put a shroud around the flask and increase heating to around 250 celsius.

Keep heating until no more methanol distills over.

You can tell when you see the distillate temperature start dropping.

Now turn off the heating, stopper the flask and then let it cool.

We want to minimize the amount of moisture that gets into our sodium methoxide.

While it's cooling we can prepare our reagents.

Get 30g of p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile that we made in a previous video.

Then add 30 mL of ethyl propionate that we also made in a previous video.

All links are in the video description.

Shake it up until everything is dissolved.

Now to the cooled sodium methoxide, add the reagents.

Now add enough dioxane so the total volume is about 300mL.

We made dioxane in a previous video from sulfuric acid and antifreeze and dried it using sodium magnesium oxide aggregate.

Now assemble a reflux condenser onto the flask again and gently heat until it starts refluxing.

What we're doing is using the sodium methoxide to deprotonate the p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile and then react that with ethyl propionate to make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile.

Looking back, i forgot to break up the cake of sodium methoxide first, but eventually with enough stirring it'll break up on its own.

Now as it runs it may foam up.

Adjust heating and stirring to keep foaming under control.

But try and keep it as hot as possible.

Anyway, it's no secret i've been trying to do this reaction for the past 8 months and always failed.

I even used exotic reagents like tetrahydrofuran and potassium t-butoxide.

But i never got it to work.

I was almost ready to give up when i posted my problems here on youtube and a number of you saw right away what was causing my failures.

I was working on a too small a scale.

Even without knowing my scale you knew what the problem was.

It was so much work to make p-chlorophenylacetonitrile i tried to conserve it by working on small 300mg scale.

But for condensation type reactions like this, small scale tends to hurt the process.

Stray water from the air and walls of the glassware can contaminate the reaction and stop it from working.

Scaling up makes the reaction more reliable.

This is one of those times in chemistry where size does matter.

My performance problems for the past 8 months was because i wasn't large enough.

If i had just taken a risk and used everything in one shot this would have worked and i would have been done in january.

Oh well, hindsight is perfect as they say.

I'd like to personally thank Hovsep for emailing me and walking through the problems i was encountering. Thanks.

Anyway, keep heating for 2-3 hours.

Then turn off the heating and let it cool.

Now for aqueous workup and washing.

Get a total of 1 liter of water and fill the reaction flask as much as you can.

Mix it up with a glass stir rod and pour it out.

Wash out the reaction mixture this way.

I didn't just pour it out first because i found the mixture solidifies when cooled.

Adding water first helps make it easier to work with.

Once it's all in the beaker along with 1L of water, stir it for ten minutes or so to thoroughly suspend the chemicals.

Now add in 100mL of 30% or 10 Molar hydrochloric acid and keep stirring for another ten minutes.

Then turn off the stirring and let it settle.

What we're doing is neutralizing the sodium methoxide to sodium chloride and methanol.

The sodium chloride and methanol are very soluble in water and stay in solution while the organic products will separate out.

Most of this is done in a few hours.

But i'm going to let it go overnight.

And here we are the next day.

The organic layer on the bottom should have our product.

Now pour off most of the water and use a separatory funnel to get the rest.

I recommend washing the organic layer again with 100ml or so of water for further purification.

And here is our crude 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile.

I sent a sample off for NMR analysis and got back this spectrum.

Over here are the symmetrical aromatic peaks.

This peak over here is the chloroform-d solvent peak since I asked the NMR lab to use chloroform-d for the scan.

This here is that one little proton on the trisubstituted carbon.

It's heavily shifted downfield being connected to such strongly electron withdrawing groups like nitrile, ketone and phenyl.

This spike here is left over dioxane.

It wasn't entirely washed out with the water.

But it's not going to affect our future chemistry so it's not worth putting in additional effort to remove it.

Now for interesting part, this complex multiplet is the protons right beside the ketone and this triplet is the protons at the end.

This complex multiplet is characteristic of our target compound and this is very strong evidence we were successful in making it.

Now this broad peak here is water.

For obvious reasons there is a lot of water contamination.

Overall this spectrum pretty much confirms that we have our desired product.

Our yield is 41g or 99%.

Now i don't think actual synthesis is that good, especially for a garage level synthesis performed using ghetto quality reagents.

The NMR spectrum shows numerous impurities like dioxane and they're probably inflating our numbers.

Literature yields for this procedure range from 50% to 70% so i still think we're doing pretty well.

I'm not going to bother to remove the impurities at this stage since we can remove them later in the next steps on our pyrimethamine synthesis.

So there we have it, after 8 months i finally got to the next step and the hold up was all because i was working on too small a scale.

As you can see the reaction, while very involved, is actually not that hard and if i had done it right the first time i would have been done in january.

Ah well.

Better late than never i guess.

At this point I want to thank you my viewers for believing in me and pushing me forward even though i had essentially given up.

I would have abandoned this if it weren't for you.

Now at this point we should check our map again and see where we are.

We were converting the p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile into 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile and have just cleared it.

The last 8 months weren't a total wash though.

We also had to make the solvent dioxane so we can add that to our pathway as an unforeseen detour.

Interestingly enough we also figured how to make sodium metal from domestically available chemicals.

So even if we still totally fail in the upcoming steps we can still say we made a new and useful discovery that justifies our research.

Our next step is the reaction of 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile with trimethyl orthoformate.

But before that I'm going to convert the rest of my p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile stock so i have a good amount to use in case I fail more in the future.

And I need to make a video on preparing a guanidine salt.

Hopefully we can finish this project before the end of the year.

Thanks for watching.

Special thank you to all of my supporters on patreon for making these science videos possible

with their donations and their direction.

If you are not currently a patron, but like to support the continued production of science videos like this one,

then check out my patreon page here or in the video description.

I really appreciate any and all support.

For more infomation >> REUPLOAD - Make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile - Step 5 in Pyrimethamine Synthesis - Duration: 9:58.

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Getting Guanidine Carbonate and Hydrochloride from No-Lye Hair Relaxants - Duration: 5:18.

Greetings fellow nerds.

I need a source of guanidine for my series on making pyrimethamine.

This is because guanidine is actually a key part of the structure of pyrimethamine as you can see here.

At first i tried making it from urea and sulfamic acid but that didn't turn out too well.

Now other amateurs have been wildly successful so it's probably really easy and i'm just really lazy.

Nonetheless i did find another source of guanidine.

It's actually a component of hair relaxants.

People with stiff curly hair that want to straighten it out use these hair relaxant products.

It's strongly alkaline and softens the hair so it can be combed out.

Once in the desired shape it's neutralized and then holds the new shape.

Most products use sodium hydroxide as a base base but consumers have asked for alternatives so this no-lye version uses guanidine instead as the strong base.

To be sure, check on the ingredients list and somewhere one of the components should be guanidine, usually in the form of guanidine carbonate.

Now this also has plenty of other ingredients like dyes, surfactants, perfumes and other oils.

So we're going to have to run a few purification steps to get our guanidine.

Anyway, let's unbox our hair relaxant.

There is actually a lot of extra products like activators, shampoos and washes but we want just the component that has our guanidine.

And here it is, the liquid activator as it's called.

Doesn't look like much, let's see what we can get out of it.

Pour all of the liquid activator into a beaker.

The guanidine is all dissolved in solution so to precipitate it out we add six times its volume of acetone.

Since the starting volume was 50mL i'm using 300 mL of acetone.

In going with the theme of using stuff from the drug store i'm using a bottle of nail polish remover.

As we add it with stirring the guanidine carbonate precipitates out as it's insoluble in acetone.

Now i'd like to say my selection of six times the volume was some thorough scientific calculation with deep seated theoretical underpinnings.

But in reality i just selected that amount because the bottles of nail polish remover are sold in that size.

You'd be amazed, and probably mortified, at how much top level research is just eyeballed by the researchers.

Anyway, now we simply vacuum filter our guanidine carbonate.

Be sure to wash out the guanidine carbonate with some more acetone to remove as much of the additives as possible.

And that's it, guanidine carbonate.

Now a lot of the additives are in the filtrate but some precipitated out and are stuck to the guanidine carbonate.

So we're going to need to get those out aswell.

Change out the filtering flask since we're going to be collecting our guanidine in it.

Now to the guanidine carbonate on the filter, add hydrochloric acid until it dissolves.

I used about 50mL of 30% concentration although looking back this was probably far too much.

This converts the guanidine carbonate to guanidine hydrochloride which is highly soluble.

It's also known as guanidinium chloride.

The bubbles you're seeing are carbon dioxide.

Today is a very humid day in my lab so the hydrochloric acid is misting up like this.

Anyway once everything is dissolved, turn on the vacuum and filter the solution through.

Now we have our solution of guanidinium chloride.

I wanted to precipitate it back out with more acetone but it turns out it's extremely soluble even in a mixture of acetone water.

Nonetheless the acetone does help us remove more additives because some of them will congeal into some type of slime as seen here.

I'm not exactly certain which additive it is, but whatever it is, i don't want it in my guanidinium chloride.

So we filter it back out again to get our purified solution.

Now we vacuum distill the solution to get dry guanidinium chloride.

My vacuum source is the aspirator pump i showed in a previous video.

I'm using vacuum distillation because it's faster than regular distillation and it's gentler in that you can use lower temperatures.

Also guanidinium hydrochloride is notoriously hygroscopic so simple heating requires very high temperatures to render it dry.

We're going to need it as dry as possible for our synthesis of pyrimethamine.

I set my hotplate to about 130 celsius and also enclosed the boiling flask in a foil shroud to keep the heat in.

After the last drop comes over, let it run for another hour to ensure the guanidinium chloride is as dry as possible.

Then quickly transfer it to an airtight container.

And there it is, guanidinium chloride.

The total mass is 15g.

This is a ludicrously expensive source for this chemical for this amount and i should probably figure out how to make it for cheaper.

But for now I can move on to my pyrimethamine synthesis as this the last precursor.

There is nothing left to do now except make pyrimethamine or fail trying.

Special thank you to all of my supporters on patreon for making these science videos possible

with their donations and their direction.

If you are not currently a patron, but like to support the continued production of science videos like this one,

then check out my patreon page here or in the video description.

I really appreciate any and all support.

For more infomation >> Getting Guanidine Carbonate and Hydrochloride from No-Lye Hair Relaxants - Duration: 5:18.

-------------------------------------------

He plays with fire

For more infomation >> He plays with fire

-------------------------------------------

Opel Astra Sports Tourer 1.3 CDTi S/S Business + - Duration: 0:59.

For more infomation >> Opel Astra Sports Tourer 1.3 CDTi S/S Business + - Duration: 0:59.

-------------------------------------------

Toyota Verso-S 1.3 VVT-I COMFORT AIRCO & CRUISECONTROL - Duration: 0:54.

For more infomation >> Toyota Verso-S 1.3 VVT-I COMFORT AIRCO & CRUISECONTROL - Duration: 0:54.

-------------------------------------------

MINI 1.6 COOPER S CHILI NAVI, LEDER, XENON, DEALER ONDERHOUDEN! - Duration: 0:59.

For more infomation >> MINI 1.6 COOPER S CHILI NAVI, LEDER, XENON, DEALER ONDERHOUDEN! - Duration: 0:59.

-------------------------------------------

REUPLOAD - Make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile - Step 5 in Pyrimethamine Synthesis - Duration: 9:58.

Warning: Sodium is a dangerous reactive metal.

P-chlorophenyl acetonitrile and dioxane are carcinogenic.

Wear gloves and work outside or in a fume hood.

Methanol is flammable and reactions with sodium are fire hazards.

Fire safety protocols must be in place.

Greetings fellow nerds.

I finally got the next the step of pyrimethamine synthesis to work so in this video we're going to make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile.

This is step 5 of the pyrimethamine synthesis.

First we start with 300mL of methanol dried and distilled from molecular sieves 3A as i've shown in a previous video.

Setup on top a reflux condenser.

Now get 15g of sodium metal.

I showed how to make this in a previous video using magnesium, sodium hydroxide and dioxane.

Links are in the video description.

Cut and roll the sodium into wires like this so we can drop them through the condenser.

Now one by one drop them in with the cooling water turned on.

Don't drop in too much at once or the bubbling will go out of control.

Drop in a piece at a time and let the bubbling get back under control before dropping in more.

What we're doing is reacting sodium with methanol to make sodium methoxide while generating hydrogen gas.

In previous video i showed you can also make sodium methoxide by reacting sodium hydroxide and methanol

and then removing the water with molecular sieves.

That method is much slower than using sodium metal but much safer since it never overheats.

Adding sodium to methanol is dangerous in that it can get so hot that it catches fire.

Considering that methanol and hydrogen gas are both highly flammable this can go very bad very quickly.

Nonetheless, because this is a very fast method and clean method, it's the preferred method in most laboratories.

You also don't get contamination by molecular sieve dust which can be problem for some reactions.

Eventually all the sodium will react and we'll have a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol.

Now reassemble your reflux apparatus into a distillation apparatus and distill off the methanol.

We want relatively solvent free sodium methoxide for the next step.

The reason why we started with excess methanol rather than stoichiometric is because solid sodium methoxide can precipitate out.

This blocks further reaction so it's almost impossible to perfectly react sodium and methanol in a 1:1 ratio.

So we add excess methanol and then remove it by distillation.

Don't discard this distilled methanol.

It's still pure and it's also water free which is useful for upcoming videos where we'll need it again.

Now the final amount of methanol is very hard to boil off so put a shroud around the flask and increase heating to around 250 celsius.

Keep heating until no more methanol distills over.

You can tell when you see the distillate temperature start dropping.

Now turn off the heating, stopper the flask and then let it cool.

We want to minimize the amount of moisture that gets into our sodium methoxide.

While it's cooling we can prepare our reagents.

Get 30g of p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile that we made in a previous video.

Then add 30 mL of ethyl propionate that we also made in a previous video.

All links are in the video description.

Shake it up until everything is dissolved.

Now to the cooled sodium methoxide, add the reagents.

Now add enough dioxane so the total volume is about 300mL.

We made dioxane in a previous video from sulfuric acid and antifreeze and dried it using sodium magnesium oxide aggregate.

Now assemble a reflux condenser onto the flask again and gently heat until it starts refluxing.

What we're doing is using the sodium methoxide to deprotonate the p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile and then react that with ethyl propionate to make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile.

Looking back, i forgot to break up the cake of sodium methoxide first, but eventually with enough stirring it'll break up on its own.

Now as it runs it may foam up.

Adjust heating and stirring to keep foaming under control.

But try and keep it as hot as possible.

Anyway, it's no secret i've been trying to do this reaction for the past 8 months and always failed.

I even used exotic reagents like tetrahydrofuran and potassium t-butoxide.

But i never got it to work.

I was almost ready to give up when i posted my problems here on youtube and a number of you saw right away what was causing my failures.

I was working on a too small a scale.

Even without knowing my scale you knew what the problem was.

It was so much work to make p-chlorophenylacetonitrile i tried to conserve it by working on small 300mg scale.

But for condensation type reactions like this, small scale tends to hurt the process.

Stray water from the air and walls of the glassware can contaminate the reaction and stop it from working.

Scaling up makes the reaction more reliable.

This is one of those times in chemistry where size does matter.

My performance problems for the past 8 months was because i wasn't large enough.

If i had just taken a risk and used everything in one shot this would have worked and i would have been done in january.

Oh well, hindsight is perfect as they say.

I'd like to personally thank Hovsep for emailing me and walking through the problems i was encountering. Thanks.

Anyway, keep heating for 2-3 hours.

Then turn off the heating and let it cool.

Now for aqueous workup and washing.

Get a total of 1 liter of water and fill the reaction flask as much as you can.

Mix it up with a glass stir rod and pour it out.

Wash out the reaction mixture this way.

I didn't just pour it out first because i found the mixture solidifies when cooled.

Adding water first helps make it easier to work with.

Once it's all in the beaker along with 1L of water, stir it for ten minutes or so to thoroughly suspend the chemicals.

Now add in 100mL of 30% or 10 Molar hydrochloric acid and keep stirring for another ten minutes.

Then turn off the stirring and let it settle.

What we're doing is neutralizing the sodium methoxide to sodium chloride and methanol.

The sodium chloride and methanol are very soluble in water and stay in solution while the organic products will separate out.

Most of this is done in a few hours.

But i'm going to let it go overnight.

And here we are the next day.

The organic layer on the bottom should have our product.

Now pour off most of the water and use a separatory funnel to get the rest.

I recommend washing the organic layer again with 100ml or so of water for further purification.

And here is our crude 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile.

I sent a sample off for NMR analysis and got back this spectrum.

Over here are the symmetrical aromatic peaks.

This peak over here is the chloroform-d solvent peak since I asked the NMR lab to use chloroform-d for the scan.

This here is that one little proton on the trisubstituted carbon.

It's heavily shifted downfield being connected to such strongly electron withdrawing groups like nitrile, ketone and phenyl.

This spike here is left over dioxane.

It wasn't entirely washed out with the water.

But it's not going to affect our future chemistry so it's not worth putting in additional effort to remove it.

Now for interesting part, this complex multiplet is the protons right beside the ketone and this triplet is the protons at the end.

This complex multiplet is characteristic of our target compound and this is very strong evidence we were successful in making it.

Now this broad peak here is water.

For obvious reasons there is a lot of water contamination.

Overall this spectrum pretty much confirms that we have our desired product.

Our yield is 41g or 99%.

Now i don't think actual synthesis is that good, especially for a garage level synthesis performed using ghetto quality reagents.

The NMR spectrum shows numerous impurities like dioxane and they're probably inflating our numbers.

Literature yields for this procedure range from 50% to 70% so i still think we're doing pretty well.

I'm not going to bother to remove the impurities at this stage since we can remove them later in the next steps on our pyrimethamine synthesis.

So there we have it, after 8 months i finally got to the next step and the hold up was all because i was working on too small a scale.

As you can see the reaction, while very involved, is actually not that hard and if i had done it right the first time i would have been done in january.

Ah well.

Better late than never i guess.

At this point I want to thank you my viewers for believing in me and pushing me forward even though i had essentially given up.

I would have abandoned this if it weren't for you.

Now at this point we should check our map again and see where we are.

We were converting the p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile into 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile and have just cleared it.

The last 8 months weren't a total wash though.

We also had to make the solvent dioxane so we can add that to our pathway as an unforeseen detour.

Interestingly enough we also figured how to make sodium metal from domestically available chemicals.

So even if we still totally fail in the upcoming steps we can still say we made a new and useful discovery that justifies our research.

Our next step is the reaction of 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile with trimethyl orthoformate.

But before that I'm going to convert the rest of my p-chlorophenyl acetonitrile stock so i have a good amount to use in case I fail more in the future.

And I need to make a video on preparing a guanidine salt.

Hopefully we can finish this project before the end of the year.

Thanks for watching.

Special thank you to all of my supporters on patreon for making these science videos possible

with their donations and their direction.

If you are not currently a patron, but like to support the continued production of science videos like this one,

then check out my patreon page here or in the video description.

I really appreciate any and all support.

For more infomation >> REUPLOAD - Make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile - Step 5 in Pyrimethamine Synthesis - Duration: 9:58.

-------------------------------------------

Taylor Swift: She wanna be Queen B so bad - Duration: 7:44.

Taylor Swift: She wanna be Queen B so bad

Beyonces fans have accused Taylor Swift of copying the super stars iconic music video Lemonade.

The devotees pointed out on social media that the teaser video for Swifts new single Look What You made Me Do has striking similarities to Beyonces Lemonade videos and performances.

One fan tweeted side-by-side screengrabs of the Look What You Made Me Do teaser and the video from Lemonade, captioning it: Lemonade and Minute Maid.

Another fan added: Taylor Swift wanna be Beyonce so bad.

In one shot from the teaser, Swift, 27, wears a black leotard and fishnet tights while leading a group of male dancers wearing similar garb.

Beyonce, 35, wears a similar outfit for her performance of Formation featuring uniformed backup dancers during the 2017 Superbowl.

The Formation music video has a shot of Beyonce standing in front of a group of men, while the video for Sorry features Serena Williams and herself in black leotards.

Meanwhile, Taylors own fans were slamming her for taking a new direction with the fiery tone of the new single.

The song, which was unveiled on Thursday night after the stars notable absence from the spotlight, has been widely received as a musical jab at her celebrity nemeses, among them Katy Perry, Kanye West and his wife Kim Kardashian.

Twitter users took to the micro-blogging site in droves to slam the ditty, with one writing to the star:

You lost me with this new song. I miss the old Taylor.

I really dont like the new Taylor Swift song, posted another disappointed fan. The chorus is so beige and trashy.

Pointing to the songs feud theme, a third stated: Taylor Swift wont stop bringing up her thing with Kanye [because] its the only thing keeping her relevant.

And the timing of the tracks release - directly clashing with Katys rumoured Taylor diss track Swish Swish was also noted by a few, with one accusing the pop star of pulling a predictable manoeuvre.

However, amid the chorus of voices insisting that the song sucks a number of faithful fans welcomed Taylor back to the charts with enthusiastically open arms.

The blonde beautys actress pal Ruby Rose led the wave, breathlessly tweeting Omg OH MY GOD as she shared a screenshot of the single.

I gotta say its one of the best singles dropped this year. Congratulations, @taylorswift13, wrote one impressed fan.

Just listened to @taylorswift13 new song and love it! So happy that my fave is back, stated a second devotee to the chart-topping star.

While one fan deemed the track everything, another said of the catchy songs detractors: Haters are already trying to find new ways to drag Taylor Swift for a song written about haters.

On Friday, Taylor took to her Twitter to announce that the full Joseph Kahn-directed video will premiere exclusively at the MTV Video Music Awards, to be held in Los Angeles on Sunday.

Katy Perry, who is thought to be one of the targets in Taylors track, famously referenced Mean Girls, when she tweeted in 2014: Watch out for the Regina George in sheep's clothing.

And three years later, Taylor appears to have responded in the slickest of ways, as a fan has noticed that the track on her new single This Is What You Made Me Do uses an identical beat to that heard in the 2004 movies Halloween scene.

However, it appears that jabs could already have been fired back from Team Perry, as Nicki Minaj - who appears alongside Katy on the track Swish Swish, largely accepted as a dig at Taylor - cryptically tweeted on Thursday: N***a sit down. Be humble.

Late Thursday night, Twitter user @tkylemac took to the micro-blogging site to point out: Taylor was once called Regina George in sheeps clothing and her new song uses the beat from this scene in Mean Girls.

He then shared a brief video of Rachel McAdams Regina dancing away in a Playboy Bunny outfit ahead of welcoming friends into her home for a Halloween bash.

In a bid to reinforce his theory, @tkylemac followed up with an image comparing the soundwaves of both audio tracks, showing their striking similarities.

On the same day that Taylor released her single, rapper Nicki appeared to fire back at the star - whose track is thought to reference Katy, as well as Kanye West and his wife Kim Kardashian - when she shared her be humble tweet.

In the single, Taylor makes a thinly veiled reference to the controversial video call she received from rapper Kanye West in 2015.

The 40-year old rappers conversation with Taylor was released by the outspoken rappers wife, socialite Kim, as damning proof that she was well aware of his intention to refer to her in a track on his latest album, The Life Of Pablo.

And Taylor, 27, appears to have addressed the leaked call in lyrics to her first single in two years, Look What You Made Me Do, released on on Thursday night.

One of the more eyebrow-raising parts of the track comes during the bridge of the song when a phone rings.

A voicemail by Taylor herself then could be heard saying: Im sorry the old Taylor can't come to the phone right now.

Why? Oh, cause shes dead! Last year Kim released a video recording of the phone conversation on Snapchat, where Taylor was heard describing the name check in Kanyes album track Famous as a compliment.

The drama began when Kanye rapped about considering having sex with her, before claiming her had her blessing for the lyric.

The offending song contained the words: 'I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? I made that b*tch famous.

Afterwards Swift's team released a statement claiming: Kanye did not call for approval, but to ask Taylor to release his single Famous on her Twitter account.

She declined and cautioned him about releasing a song with such a strong misogynistic message.

Taylor was never made aware of the actual lyric, I made that b**ch famous.

As if the new single wasnt for her Swifties, the blonde beauty also released images for the three versions of magazine covers for her upcoming album Reputation on the same night.

The two covers will be available at Target stores exclusively when the album is released on November 10 and will each come with a copy of the album.

There are two versions of the publication as Volume 1 was shot by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggot while Volume 2 was done by Benny Horne.

Each cover has the look and feel of a modern day art magazine and features a clutter of words which seem to indicate the contents of the pages.

Among the exciting promises featured on the cover include: poetry and paintings, handwritten lyrics, fashion portraits, and behind the scenes video shoot photography.

On the Volume 1 cover, she could be seen wearing a black long-sleeved sweater mini dress with her signature blonde locks dishevelled.

In the other Taylor rocks a chic Marc Jacobs camouflage military jacket as she peers over her shoulder.

It was an exciting night as Taylors latest single Look What You Made Me Do was released along with a lyric video created by Odd and produced by Taylor and longtime collaborator Joseph Kahn.

The three-and-a-half minute clip includes plenty of snake imagery which Taylor has been teasing on social media over the past few days.

No doubt the lyrics will be analysed by fans as they include biting remarks including: The world moves on, another day, another drama, drama.

But not for me, not for me, all I think about is karma.

It was a big news day for the highly-anticipated album as Reputation will have 15 tracks according to iTunes.

Swift also teased an upcoming tour by featuring a portal on her website in order for followers to sign up to be on the wait list for verified fan tickets.

Good Morning America also announced that a sneak peek for her new music video will be aired on the program Friday morning.

For more infomation >> Taylor Swift: She wanna be Queen B so bad - Duration: 7:44.

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Getting Guanidine Carbonate and Hydrochloride from No-Lye Hair Relaxants - Duration: 5:18.

Greetings fellow nerds.

I need a source of guanidine for my series on making pyrimethamine.

This is because guanidine is actually a key part of the structure of pyrimethamine as you can see here.

At first i tried making it from urea and sulfamic acid but that didn't turn out too well.

Now other amateurs have been wildly successful so it's probably really easy and i'm just really lazy.

Nonetheless i did find another source of guanidine.

It's actually a component of hair relaxants.

People with stiff curly hair that want to straighten it out use these hair relaxant products.

It's strongly alkaline and softens the hair so it can be combed out.

Once in the desired shape it's neutralized and then holds the new shape.

Most products use sodium hydroxide as a base base but consumers have asked for alternatives so this no-lye version uses guanidine instead as the strong base.

To be sure, check on the ingredients list and somewhere one of the components should be guanidine, usually in the form of guanidine carbonate.

Now this also has plenty of other ingredients like dyes, surfactants, perfumes and other oils.

So we're going to have to run a few purification steps to get our guanidine.

Anyway, let's unbox our hair relaxant.

There is actually a lot of extra products like activators, shampoos and washes but we want just the component that has our guanidine.

And here it is, the liquid activator as it's called.

Doesn't look like much, let's see what we can get out of it.

Pour all of the liquid activator into a beaker.

The guanidine is all dissolved in solution so to precipitate it out we add six times its volume of acetone.

Since the starting volume was 50mL i'm using 300 mL of acetone.

In going with the theme of using stuff from the drug store i'm using a bottle of nail polish remover.

As we add it with stirring the guanidine carbonate precipitates out as it's insoluble in acetone.

Now i'd like to say my selection of six times the volume was some thorough scientific calculation with deep seated theoretical underpinnings.

But in reality i just selected that amount because the bottles of nail polish remover are sold in that size.

You'd be amazed, and probably mortified, at how much top level research is just eyeballed by the researchers.

Anyway, now we simply vacuum filter our guanidine carbonate.

Be sure to wash out the guanidine carbonate with some more acetone to remove as much of the additives as possible.

And that's it, guanidine carbonate.

Now a lot of the additives are in the filtrate but some precipitated out and are stuck to the guanidine carbonate.

So we're going to need to get those out aswell.

Change out the filtering flask since we're going to be collecting our guanidine in it.

Now to the guanidine carbonate on the filter, add hydrochloric acid until it dissolves.

I used about 50mL of 30% concentration although looking back this was probably far too much.

This converts the guanidine carbonate to guanidine hydrochloride which is highly soluble.

It's also known as guanidinium chloride.

The bubbles you're seeing are carbon dioxide.

Today is a very humid day in my lab so the hydrochloric acid is misting up like this.

Anyway once everything is dissolved, turn on the vacuum and filter the solution through.

Now we have our solution of guanidinium chloride.

I wanted to precipitate it back out with more acetone but it turns out it's extremely soluble even in a mixture of acetone water.

Nonetheless the acetone does help us remove more additives because some of them will congeal into some type of slime as seen here.

I'm not exactly certain which additive it is, but whatever it is, i don't want it in my guanidinium chloride.

So we filter it back out again to get our purified solution.

Now we vacuum distill the solution to get dry guanidinium chloride.

My vacuum source is the aspirator pump i showed in a previous video.

I'm using vacuum distillation because it's faster than regular distillation and it's gentler in that you can use lower temperatures.

Also guanidinium hydrochloride is notoriously hygroscopic so simple heating requires very high temperatures to render it dry.

We're going to need it as dry as possible for our synthesis of pyrimethamine.

I set my hotplate to about 130 celsius and also enclosed the boiling flask in a foil shroud to keep the heat in.

After the last drop comes over, let it run for another hour to ensure the guanidinium chloride is as dry as possible.

Then quickly transfer it to an airtight container.

And there it is, guanidinium chloride.

The total mass is 15g.

This is a ludicrously expensive source for this chemical for this amount and i should probably figure out how to make it for cheaper.

But for now I can move on to my pyrimethamine synthesis as this the last precursor.

There is nothing left to do now except make pyrimethamine or fail trying.

Special thank you to all of my supporters on patreon for making these science videos possible

with their donations and their direction.

If you are not currently a patron, but like to support the continued production of science videos like this one,

then check out my patreon page here or in the video description.

I really appreciate any and all support.

For more infomation >> Getting Guanidine Carbonate and Hydrochloride from No-Lye Hair Relaxants - Duration: 5:18.

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★ Nightcore - Monody REMIX | TheFatRat | Sugu Music ★ - Duration: 3:35.

Nightcore MONODY REMIX THEFATRAT

Sugu Music

Nightcore Live

MONODY NIGHTCORE REMIX

For more infomation >> ★ Nightcore - Monody REMIX | TheFatRat | Sugu Music ★ - Duration: 3:35.

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Audi Q3 Adrenalin 1.4 TFSI CoD 110 kW/150 pk 6 versn. S-tronic (vsb 15427) Rijklaar! - Duration: 0:54.

For more infomation >> Audi Q3 Adrenalin 1.4 TFSI CoD 110 kW/150 pk 6 versn. S-tronic (vsb 15427) Rijklaar! - Duration: 0:54.

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Audi Q3 Adrenalin 1.4 TFSI CoD 110 kW/150 pk 6 versn. S-tronic (vsb 15430) Rijklaar! - Duration: 1:01.

For more infomation >> Audi Q3 Adrenalin 1.4 TFSI CoD 110 kW/150 pk 6 versn. S-tronic (vsb 15430) Rijklaar! - Duration: 1:01.

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Funny Animal Cartoons

For more infomation >> Funny Animal Cartoons

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BMW X5 3.0d Executive Automaat, Leder, 1e Eigenaar - Duration: 0:54.

For more infomation >> BMW X5 3.0d Executive Automaat, Leder, 1e Eigenaar - Duration: 0:54.

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Toyota Avensis 2.2 D-4D EXECUTIVE | Navigatie | Trekhaak | Leer | Climate-ctrl - Duration: 1:00.

For more infomation >> Toyota Avensis 2.2 D-4D EXECUTIVE | Navigatie | Trekhaak | Leer | Climate-ctrl - Duration: 1:00.

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Audi A1 Sportback 1.2 TFSI Attraction Pro Line 86 Pk Airco/Cruise/15'' LMV/Bluetooth/Elek. Pakket/ D - Duration: 0:54.

For more infomation >> Audi A1 Sportback 1.2 TFSI Attraction Pro Line 86 Pk Airco/Cruise/15'' LMV/Bluetooth/Elek. Pakket/ D - Duration: 0:54.

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Céline Dion, difficile de tourner la page René Angélil- [Nouvelles 24h] - Duration: 3:17.

For more infomation >> Céline Dion, difficile de tourner la page René Angélil- [Nouvelles 24h] - Duration: 3:17.

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Intro Anis MCPE [INTRO #217] - Duration: 0:11.

For more infomation >> Intro Anis MCPE [INTRO #217] - Duration: 0:11.

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Nolwenn Leroy jurée de The Voice ? Elle répond enfin à la question- [Nouvelles 24h] - Duration: 2:46.

For more infomation >> Nolwenn Leroy jurée de The Voice ? Elle répond enfin à la question- [Nouvelles 24h] - Duration: 2:46.

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How Do Children Become Narcissists? - Duration: 12:12.

How Do Children Become Narcissists?

I am often asked "What type of parenting leads children to grow up with a Narcissistic Personality Disorder?" Or "Are the children of

Narcissistic parents at risk of becoming Narcissists themselves?" I thought that I would use today's post to shed some light on this issue.

How Does Someone "Get" a Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

Narcissistic Personality Disorders are a byproduct of certain childhood family environments.

All children want their parents' approval and attention.

Children adapt to their homes, and often the most productive and reasonable adaptation to some home situations is to become a Narcissist.

Below are some common scenarios that can contribute to children becoming Narcissistic.

Scenario 1—Narcissistic Parental Values

In this situation the child is raised in a family that is very competitive and only rewards high achievement.

One or both of the parents are Exhibitionist Narcissists.

The family motto is: If you can't be the best, why bother?

Love is conditional: When you come in first in the race, win the science fair, or star in the school show,

you are showered with praise and attention.

When you do not, you are a disappointment.

Everyone in the family is supposed to be special and prove it over and over again.

No matter how much you achieve, the pressure is never off.

As one woman said: "When I came home with a report card with all A's, my father asked me if anyone got an A+."

Children in these families do not feel stably loved.

It is hard for them to enjoy anything for its own sake, if it does not confer status.

Instead of being supported by their parents to explore what they like and want to do more of,

they only receive support for high achievement.

Their parents are not interested in their children's "real selves," they are mainly interested in how their children can make the family

look good.

They want to be able to brag to their neighbors: "Look at what my kid did!"

The children who grow up in homes like this only feel secure and worthwhile when they are successful and recognized as the "best." The

conditional love of their childhood and the over evaluation of high status and success in their home sets in motion a lifelong pattern of

chasing success and confusing it with happiness.

Example: John and his Resume Life

John, a brilliant and successful man with a Narcissistic Personality Disorder, told me that he was coming to therapy because he knew that

had lost his way.

Nothing he did seemed to have any real meaning for him.

He said, "I have a resume life.

Everything about me looks good on paper.

Even my hobbies are cool.

But somewhere along the way I lost touch with who I really am.

I no longer feel much genuine pleasure in my accomplishments.

I started out enjoying what I do well, but now I do it only because it impresses other people.

Inside I feel empty."

Scenario 2: The Devaluing Narcissistic Parent

In this scenario there is a very domineering and devaluing parent who is always putting down the child.

The parent is generally irritable, easily angered, and has unrealistically high expectations.

If there are two or more children, the parent will praise one and devalue the others.

The "good one" can quickly become the "bad one" and suddenly a different sibling is elevated.

Nobody in the family feels secure and everyone spends their time trying to pacify the explosive Narcissistic parent.

The other parent is often treated exactly like the children and belittled as well.

When he or she disagrees with the Narcissistic parent, they too are devalued.

Children who grow up in these households feel angry, humiliated, and inadequate.

They are likely to react to their childhood situation in a few different ways.

The Defeated Child: Some of these children simply give up and accept defeat.

In their teenage years, after decades of being told that they are worthless, they may spiral down into a self-hating shame-based depression.

Then to escape their inner shame, they may try to lose themselves in impulsive, addictive behaviors.

Some become alcoholics and drug addicts, others spend their days on the internet.

They never achieve their potential because they have been convinced that they have none.

The Rebellious Child: These children overtly reject their parents' message that they are "losers." Instead,

they spend their life try to prove to themselves, the world, and the devaluing parent that they are special and their parents were wrong.

They pursue achievement in every way that they can.

Proving they are special becomes a lifelong mission, while underneath there is always a harsh inner voice criticizing their every

mistake—no matter how minor.

The Angry Child: These children grow up furious at the devaluing parent.

Anyone who reminds them of their parent in any way becomes the target of their anger.

They sometimes become Toxic or Malignant Narcissists themselves.

It is not enough for them to achieve, they must destroy as well.

Example: The Movie "Pretty Woman"

In this movie the actor Richard Gere portrays a wealthy businessman who buys and breaks up companies.

He enjoys destroying the life's work of the former owners of these companies because all of them are symbolic substitutes for his hated

father.

The movie turns into a Cinderella story after he hires a prostitute (played by Julia Roberts) with whom he eventually falls in love.

Even his choice of a love object is typically Narcissistic.

I have met many wealthy Narcissistic men who can only show love to women that they "save" who are safely below them in status.

Scenario 3: "The Golden Child"

These parents are usually closet Narcissists who are uncomfortable in the spotlight.

Instead, they brag about their extremely talented child.

Often the child is very talented and deserves praise, but these parents sometimes take it to ridiculous lengths.

This type of excessive idealization of a child as flawless and special can lead to the child having a Narcissistic adaptation in later life.

The Effects of Conditional vs.

Unconditional Love

Everyone wants to be seen realistically and loved unconditionally.

If children believe that their parents only value them because they are special, this can contribute to an underlying insecurity.

No one wins all the time.

No one is better than everyone else in every way.

Children who are idealized by a parent can begin to believe that they are only lovable when they are perfect and worthy of idealization.

The Perception of Flaws & Shame

When parents idealize their children, the children may become ashamed when they see any flaws in themselves.

This can lead them to keep striving for perfection and proof that they are flawless and worth idealizing.

Stunted Development of the Real Self

In this process, children may lose touch with their real selves and real likes and dislikes.

Instead of exploring who they really are and where their true interests and talents lie, they can get off track entirely and spend their

time only doing things that they are already good at and they think will get their parents' approval.

The Result: Too much parental idealization may lead to an unbalanced view of the self.

When this happens, the child then perceives any flaws as unacceptable and strives to be seen as perfect.

It is a short hop, skip, and a jump from this to full blown Narcissism

Occasionally, these children resist their role as "The Golden Child," do not become Narcissistic,

and are embarrassed by the excessive praise that they receive.

They feel burdened by the role that they are asked to play in the family.

One mother told me: "My son is the flagship of the family who will lead us all to greatness." Her son told me:

"I just want to get off this endless treadmill and live my own life without having to meet my parents' crazy expectations."

Scenario 4: The Exhibitionist's Admirer

Some children grow up in a Narcissistic household where there is an Exhibitionist Narcissist parent who rewards them with praise and

attention as long as they admire and stay subservient to the parent.

These children are taught Narcissistic values, but are discouraged from exhibiting themselves for admiration.

Instead their role in the family is to uncritically worship the greatness of their Narcissistic parent without ever trying to equal or

surpass that parent's achievements.

This is an excellent way to create Covert or Closet Narcissists.

The children learn that they will be given Narcissistic supplies—attention and praise—for not openly competing with the Narcissistic parent

and that these supplies will be withheld and they will be devalued if they openly try to get acknowledged as special.

All their value in the family comes from acting as a support to the ego of the Exhibitionist parent.

In adulthood, these children feel too exposed and vulnerable to be comfortable in the spotlight,

so their Narcissism and self-esteem issues are less obvious to anyone who does not know them well.

Some adapt to this role very well and lead productive lives in a job that involves supporting a high achieving Exhibitionist Narcissist

whom they admire.

Example: Cindi and the "Great Man"

Cindi was the personal assistant of the CEO of her company.

She admired him and lived to serve him.

She felt special through association with him.

She treasured any small bits of praise that she had received over the years from him and kept all the Holiday and Birthday cards that he

had given her.

Cindi never married because she was so focused on her job and had Narcissistic values herself.

Whenever she met men who wanted to date her, they always seemed lacking compared to her boss.

As she explained to one of her girlfriends, "After working so closely with my boss, other men just seem too inferior to bother with."

Punchline: Once you know what to look for, it is easy to see how certain childhood home environments support Narcissistic adaptations by

the children.

In some homes, becoming a Narcissist is often the only sane solution.

For more infomation >> How Do Children Become Narcissists? - Duration: 12:12.

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5 Benefits of Walking and Running Barefoot on Sand - Duration: 2:01.

In this video, you will learn about the 5 Benefits of Walking and Running Barefoot on

Sand.

Taking a barefoot walk along a sandy beach is a very pleasurable activity.

However there are also many health benefits which are associated with walking and running

on sand.

1.

Relaxing It is very relaxing to walk on sand as sand

conforms to your feet without restricting them.

The ambience around a beach is awesome and it helps in relieving your stress.

2.

Earthing / Grounding When you walk barefoot, the electrical energy

from the earth can be absorbed through your feet.

This is known as earthing or grounding.

3.

Naturally Exfoliating Walking on wet sand acts as an exfoliant that

helps peel dead skin cells from your body.

You can try this out by walking or running in loose sand and then washing with the beach

water.

4.

Burn Calories Walking or running on sand is excellent for

burning calories.

According to Berkley Wellness, you are expected to burn approximately 50% more calories by

walking or running on sand than you would on paved ground.

5.

Vitamin D and Mineral Boost You will get plenty of Vitamin D while you

are on the beach.

Vitamin D helps in improving calcium absorption, autoimmune response and mood.

The water in beach also contains lots of minerals like magnesium, potassium and iodine which

are good for you.

Thanks for watching this video, if you enjoyed this video, please do not forget to like and

subscribe to our channel.

Here are some of our other videos which you may find useful.

In this channel you will get information about various health related topics.

Wishing you good health in your life, bye.

For more infomation >> 5 Benefits of Walking and Running Barefoot on Sand - Duration: 2:01.

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Laurent Ruquier à propos de l'arrivée Angot: Si certains ne l'aiment pas, je n'y peux rien - Duration: 2:26.

For more infomation >> Laurent Ruquier à propos de l'arrivée Angot: Si certains ne l'aiment pas, je n'y peux rien - Duration: 2:26.

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Turning Point Mission Center Church TV Channel - Duration: 56:46.

For more infomation >> Turning Point Mission Center Church TV Channel - Duration: 56:46.

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a trashy (and a bit flowery) music video - Duration: 1:05.

(music)

For more infomation >> a trashy (and a bit flowery) music video - Duration: 1:05.

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Evan Craft ft. Redimi2 - Arde en mí (AUDIO HD Y LETRA/LYRICS 2017) (ENG SUB) - Duration: 5:17.

For more infomation >> Evan Craft ft. Redimi2 - Arde en mí (AUDIO HD Y LETRA/LYRICS 2017) (ENG SUB) - Duration: 5:17.

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Voici comment éclaircir vos mains facilement à la maison ! - Duration: 2:41.

For more infomation >> Voici comment éclaircir vos mains facilement à la maison ! - Duration: 2:41.

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A Himitsu - Easier to Fade (feat. Madi Larson) [CC] - Duration: 3:52.

When will i know

When it is right

You're always trying to forget

You're always wanting to pretend

I see right through your selfish ways

a truth that i don't want to face

This was never what i had in mind

I know now that this just isn't right

Why fake that it's so right but it's easier to fade away

Why can't i do this right, it's easier to fake but harder to forget

For more infomation >> A Himitsu - Easier to Fade (feat. Madi Larson) [CC] - Duration: 3:52.

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The DECODED Show

For more infomation >> The DECODED Show

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F-ONE KITES 2018 - WTF!? V.1 (english subtitles) - Duration: 3:38.

WTF kite is in no compromise freestyle machine designed for winners returning

to a pure c-shaped design was a very exciting process for us as the goal was

to build a kite our top riders wanted not at only their own version for the

masses but the perfect tool for them to do their job

the c-shape itself has always been the best option for making an easy to

control and dynamic kite to maximize the handling during intense moments such as

loading up for pop and slack or mega loops we utilize the 5 strut design

which keeps the profile exceedingly steady and gives our riders great

conference in the kite at all times we decided to add a fifth line to help them

control optimize the power and also to enable them to relaunch the kite quickly

with minimal efforts freestyle kites undergo unique situations as the riders

load and release going from full power as the edge to no power as they fly

through the air that slack feeling is the holy grail of good freestyle kites

the WTF has superior pop an excellent slack and since the riders these days

are going higher and further than ever before where the kite super low we make

sure the kite provided the support needed to help with the landing of their

tricks the WTF is built strong enough to handle this intense demands especially

during high wind cut loose while we have also kept the weight of the kite down to

ensure excellent handling each size of the WTF has been individually designed

to match the conditions they are aimed at the largest sizes have been developed

to deliver more power and get you planing early the smaller sizes are

built with a high top and wind range in mind this means whichever size you

choose you know everything's been done to get the most out of the given

conditions on the day we are offering the WTS

every size from five meter to 15 regions allowing you to choose the perfect

quiver for you without having to compromise the WTF is unique in that we

let you choose the way the kite pops and give you slack allowing you to dial in

the flying characteristics to suit your riding style by moving the front lines

on the three tuning options we can get more or less power pop and slack as you

start to reach competition levels you can select the higher power option to

ensure you get those amplitude points but if your level is still progressing

you can dial the kite down a few notches to make the pup easier and the slack

more forgiving we realign tuning options enable you to tune how the kite feels at

the bar and adjust the handling to the WTF ships with our newly linked spot

adjustable from 42 to 35 centimeters letting you further tune the kite to

your desired preference this bar also comes with a white chicken to make

hooking in and out easy safety is of course important even for the best

riders the fifth line takes care of this and can be activated even when the kite

is in suicide mode by simply pushing the rings get ready for a whole new level of

tricks with the new F one WTF card

you