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Consonant Sound /b/ as in "boy" – American English Pronunciation - Duration: 8:49.
Hello there!
This is the "Sounds American" channel.
In this video, we're going to talk about the American consonant sound /b/,
as in the word "boy."
You can also hear this sound in words like "bill,"
"cab,"
"baby"
or "hobby."
We'll be using a special phonetic symbol - /b/ - for this sound.
The /b/ is one of six consonants in the stop sounds category.
Let's start with reviewing the key points about the /b/ from the Stop Sounds Overview video.
The /b/ is made by stopping the air with your lips.
The /b/ is a voiced sound.
It has a voiceless counterpart, the consonant sound /p/.
As with all stops, aspiration is essential for the pronunciation of the /b/ sound.
The /b/ is made with a slight puff of air at the beginning of words and stressed syllables.
At the end of words,
the /b/ follows the final stop rule and is not aspirated.
For example,
Now let's find out how to pronounce the /b/ sound.
To make the /b/ sound correctly,
it's important to focus on stopping the air with your lips.
Let's take a closer look at how to do that:
Press your lips together to first stop the air in your mouth.
Next, part your lips and release the air with a puff.
Remember, the /b/ is a voiced sound, so you need to add your voice.
Let's try making it:
/b/
/b/
/b/
Let's get started with our practice with the /b/ sound at the beginning of words.
Remember to add your voice and make a small puff of air when pronouncing the /b/ sound.
This is how the practice works.
You'll see a word on the screen and hear its pronunciation.
Like this.
You'll have a few seconds to pronounce the word.
♪
Try to practice as many words as possible,
this is the most important part of the whole lesson.
Let's begin!
Great job!
The words in the next group will have the /b/ sound at the end.
Remember, you shouldn't make a puff of air when the /b/ is in this position.
Let's continue practicing.
Let's begin!
Excellent!
Now, let's practice pronouncing words with more than one /b/ sound.
Here's an additional challenge:
you need to determine, which one is aspirated and which one is not.
You're done!
Congratulations!
You know what?
The Sounds American team knows how hard you're working,
especially those who watch our videos to the very end.
But know this: you're now one step closer to speaking with an American accent.
Thanks for watching!
Click Like, share this video with your friends and don't forget to subscribe!
Come back soon to our Sounds American channel!
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KIDS DANCE - Duration: 2:45.
KIDS DANCE
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Your New Forex Trading Strat...
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BREAKING: Russia presents satellite evidence of US troops cooperating with ISIS - Duration: 1:50.
Traslation: www.miridia.cz
The Russian Ministry of Defense just released several satellite images form ISIS-held areas shoowing coordinated
actions of U.S. military and ISIS forces in the ISIS held areas of the Deir Ezzor Governorate from 08th to 12th September
Without resistance from ISIS militants the US special forces are present and moving towards the town of Deir Ezzor.
On ISIS terrirtory, recorded a large number of American Hummer vehicles, which are in service with the America's US forces.
The shots clearly show the US SOF units located at strongholds that had been equipped by the ISIS terrorists.
Though there is no evidence of assault, struggle or any US-led coalition airstrikes to drive out the militants.
Moreover, American troops are feeling safe in ISIS-held territory.
Despite that the US strongholds being located in the ISIS areas, no screening patrol has been organized at them.
In the same time, SDF troops are moving along the east bank of the Euphrates river towards border with Iraq.
Fierce artillery is fired against Syrian army from the areas where are stationed US special forces and ISIS.
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The separated huge glacier Larsen S (Larsen) is moving from Antarctica. - Duration: 2:22.
July 12th, 2017 broke most largest glacier in the history
meteorological observations - Larsen C, mass greater than 1 bln. tonnes
and an area of 5.8 km2.
All these months was Glacier in place of splitting off from time to time
just moving away, then again approaching.
Recent satellite data shows that
iceberg detached from the mainland and begins to move on
north.
Experts predict Glacier will move
north to the Antarctic Circumpolar
current, so-called The West Wind Drift.
How will behave Glacier in the future is not known.
Learn more about what can cause calving glacier
Larsen S I the melting of glaciers, See the 71 issue of "climate control."
As stated in the Report "The problems and consequences
global change Climate on Earth.
Effective solutions these problems ": More recently,
at the end of the XX century, some Scientists put forward various
hypotheses and theories about the gradual Climate Change.
But in practice it turned out to somewhat differently.
Careful analysis of growth the number of natural disasters,
extreme weather events around the world, and
and statistics cosmic and geophysical
parameters for the last years has shown disturbing
tend to their significant an increase in the short
time interval.
These data indicate, that put forward by a number of scientists
assumptions about that climate change
Earth for 100 years and more will be gradual
in nature, incorrect, since in fact, this process occurs
much more dynamic.
Given the growing intensity climate-related disasters
in the world, now more than ever we, the people, it is important to understand
is - who we are and what in fact, we
given this life.
Deep and honest answers these key for each
questions are in a unique film on the channel AllatRa
TV.
This is more than a film, it is living book: CONSCIOUSNESS AND
PERSONALITY.
From obviously dead to FOREVER living.
If you like our release - put Like, subscribe
to our channel and stay informed news weather
events in the world.
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Bruce Wayne After Credits Scene | Suicide Squad (2016) Movie Clip - Duration: 1:29.
This is crown jewels here, Mr. Wayne.
And you do understand my legal exposure.
If anyone knew what I've procured for you...
Listen, I can keep a secret, okay? What do you want?
People are asking questions about Midway City.
The kind of people who can get the answers.
And if they can get those answers, my head will be on a pike.
Consider yourself under my protection, if you deliver.
Moone, June
Allen, Barry
Curry, Arthur
Why, Mr. Wayne?
I just like to make friends.
That's the difference between us.
You believe in friendship. I believe in leverage.
Goodnight.
You look tired.
You should stop working nights.
You should shut it down.
My friends and I will do it for you.
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Alpha Beta Gamma - The 3 main types of Radiation - Physics Revision - Duration: 5:31.
hello and welcome to physics friend we're talking today about nuclear
radiation which is different from EM radiation, it's ionizing it's not like
- we're not talking infrared ultraviolet here we're talking alpha beta gamma the
three first letters of the Greek alphabet alpha beta gamma three types of
radiation which you need to learn you need to know about them you need to know how
they affect you how they don't affect you where they come from and what they
do and what they consist of so let's start at the very beginning - a very
good place to start alpha - alpha radiation is caused by alpha particles
alpha radiation is caused by alpha particles
now an alpha particle is a big heavy particle it's not heavy by our standards
you could probably lift one up (you definitely could) because they're basically
the nucleus of a helium atom they consist of two protons and two neutrons
they're heavy relative to beta and gamma gamma is massless it's just photon
energy electromagnetic energy and beta particles are just electrons so I say
they're having their heavy relative to the other two but they're not actually
heavy heavy
now they travel the slowest out of the three - these alpha particles
because they are the biggest the heaviest when they do travel because
they're so big they collide very very easily and when they do collide they
cause a lot of damage they cause a lot of ionization out of the three they are
the most ionizing alpha particles are the most ionizing
what does that mean?
well do you know what an ion is? no not an iron that's an iron and I'm not talking about
the element fe iron I'm talking an ion which is the same word but without the r
which totally changes the word to make it mean an atom which has lost or gained
an electron normally lost which makes it positively charged
as we know, in an atom - bit of nuclear physics now - in an atom we always have in a neutral
atom we always have an equal number of protons and electrons protons are
positively charged electrons are negatively charged we always have equal
numbers of each of them which makes the whole atom as a whole neutral. In an ion
this atom has lost an electron which means it's lost a negative charge the
net result of that is that it's positively charged
makes sense doesn't it? Good.
Alpha radiation is highly ionising
it interacts a lot with matter which it does mean however that it's stopped very
easily a thin sheet of paper is going to stop alpha particles it's going to stop
alpha particles so they're gonna hit a sheet of paper and they're gonna they're
going to be absorbed they're going to be stopped they're not going to transmit
they're not gonna penetrate through that paper to cause any damage to
anything on the other side of it
let's talk about beta particles
beta particles - now beta particles
are electrons that's it they're high-energy electrons
they are kind of in between alpha and gamma in their penetrability as in they
will be stopped by not by paper but they'll be stopped
by thin sheets of metal or some aluminium so - a thin sheet of metal or some
aluminium would stop these beta particles
beta particles also are less ionizing than alpha radiation but more ionizing
than gamma radiation so they're kind of in between the two
finally then gamma radiation: if you look at the EM spectrum like this you go
right up the high frequency low wavelength short wavelength end and you
find gamma radiation gamma radiation is very very high-energy electromagnetic
radiation which means it's effectively energy carried in form of photons which
can have an ionizing effect if you have a lot of it it's very very penetrating
it needs like a foot of lead or concrete at least to stop the gamma radiation
there's gamma radiation coming from the stars although it's in very very small
amounts so it's safe for us on on the earth if you have a high amount of it in
a hospital or something then it can cause you damage gamma is the least
ionizing it's the most penetrating and it's basically high-energy
electromagnetic radiation
I hope that's summarized the three types of radiation
for you I'll do another video on things like half-life and background radiation
so you can look at those there this is physics friend - thanks for watching you
can subscribe there and I'll see you next time
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A new chapter for Gab & Maya: exciting news!! - Duration: 3:44.
Our plans for 2017-2018
We're filming this video just to update you on our plans!
Gab & Maya 2.0
2017-2018!
So, at the moment, we are in Manitoba.
So we left home, we left Québec.
We took the train! And by the way...
We won that Via Rail Gift certificate!
Yes, I don't know if you knew, but thanks to the people who voted for us this winter...
We won the prize and we were able to get all the way to Winnipeg by train.
Thanks for those who voted for us!!
It was fun! A cool experience.
It's just that...
We arrived in Winnipeg super late.
And because of that, we visited Winnipeg because we were stuck there for several hours.
But we were heading towards Riding Mountain National Park.!
Our friends Ingrid and Ryan, who we met in Guatemala, live here!
So this is where we are right now!
We are at the Riding Mountain National Park, in Manitoba!
And by the way, we are in love with Manitoba.
Suddenly, yeah!
So Manitoba... in summary...
Is especially beautiful when you go up North!
I don't know!
Even Winnipeg! I loved that city.
You know how everyone associates Parks Canada to like... Banff, Jasper, Whistler... those kinds of places.
Well there's also a place in Manitoba!
It's where we are: Riding Mountain National Park.
And the way it works is, we are still in the prairies, but very gradually, very very gradually...
You go up a little mountain and we are kind of high in altitude right now!
We are on a mountain.
Yeah!
And there's a lake over there, lots of hikes to do...
We'll start exploring a little...
Yeah!
And just FYI, our plans for this year!!
We're heading towards the West of Canada.
We might stop in Banff, Alberta.
We will probably see Lake Louise, apparently it's snowing over there!
When we get to the Rockies, it will be extremely cold, so...
We will have to pass by pretty fast...
And from that point, we'll go to BC! British Columbia.
We will stop in Revelstoke, Vancouver...
Unfortunately we won't be going to Tofino this year!
Yeah, that's it, we'll take our time.
I think in maximum 2 weeks, we'll be in the USA!
And then, we'll travel through the USA West Coast.
So: Washington, Oregon and California.
And we'll spend about 10 days in the USA, we will see, it might be more!
We'll have to see...
And after that, we will stay at least 3 months in Mexico...
We are specifically interested in Oaxaca.
And finally, Guatemala... As you know, one of our favorite places ever in San Marcos la Laguna.
I think last time we were really absorbed by San Marcos, but this time we want to really explore the country.
So that's pretty much it.
We just wanted to update you on our plans for this year!
Yes, we are returning to Mexico and Guatemala and to the Canadian West...
But we feel like we haven't explored Guatemala and Mexico enough.
We'll be going to new places!
Yes, we will see new places, we wish to perfect our Spanish...
We want to understand the culture even more.
And we will make videos that will be more like mini-documentaries...
Very interesting and enriching!
Sort of like little "cultural capsules".
About these places.
So you will be seeing interviews with local people!
By the way, we're doing a giveaway soon!
So subscribe to our channel so you don't miss that!
We'll post a video explaining how to participate.
You could win an inflatable couch!
For anything: camping, for uhm...
Hitchhiking!
You could inflate it on the road if you're waiting for 6 hours.
Anyway, thank you so much and comment down below!
We are excited to embark on this journey... well we've pretty much already embarked on it!
The adventure has already started!
Thank you and see you soon!
-------------------------------------------
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Short-lecture #1 : different kind of gowns during Marie-Antoinette's reign - Duration: 46:31.
Hello and welcome on this mini lecture ! I am going to talk about the different kind of dresses during Marie Antoinette's reign.
This mini lecture comes from a much bigger lecture I made several years ago.
It lasted many hours so I will just cut it into several parts and will try to share it with you on YouTube.
I say "I will try" because it takes time
so if you find this lecture interesting please
share it, like it, comment and tell you friends about it.
Because the more I see it's useful
and the more I will be motivated
to do the other parts of the lecture, and to speak about other periods from other
lectures I already made :
from the "renaissance" until the edwardian period, for men as women.
I have a lot of powerpoint files to share :-)
If I see people like it then I'll do more.
I tried to use simple explanations because I'd like to make some
scientific popularization.
You'll can see that my work is based on fashion prints,
because they show an image and a quite detailled legend,
but some terms and notions are quite different between the 18th century and nowadays.
But some keys to understanding are needed,
and I'll try to give you these keys to see images and read texts.
I try to share a small overwiev of all I read and understand.
Which means that I can mistake (of course) on some points, and that some informations are missing.
All I can assure you is that what I tell you now is what I know right now about the fashion in Paris
for this period, but if I do this video again later then there will be
updates and corrections. It's quite normal because the history of fashion is a subject about which it's possible to learn every day.
Most of it is still to discover :
There are so many research that need to be done... But it's good news because
it means there are much more things to discover.
But before starting, let's agree about some terms, because we speak about "robes" (=gowns)
but what is a "robe" ?
Today, if I show you these two silhouettes and ask which wears a "robe" (=gown)
you will tell me that the "robe" is the one on the left, because it's only in one piece. On the right the lady doesn't
wear a "robe".
But thinking like that is an anachronism. If you are interested in the 18th century then
you need to think that these two ladies wear "robes" (=gowns), because the garments cover them equally.
they both wear a top
called a "corsage" (=bodice) or a "corset" and a "jupe" (=skirt) called too a "jupon" (=petticoat).
The number of parts don't matter : one or two pieces ? It doesn't matter.
When you look at a 18th century costume
the number of pieces that make the outfit is not important : everything used to be done
that's why you have to keep in mind that a "robe" is not always a gown made of one piece, thinking that would be an anachronism.
A dress is made of different parts, the first of them is
the "corps de robe", that I will call "corset" or "corsage" (=bodice) because both terms were used.
This "corps de robe" is a lightly boned bodice :
that's why we call it "corset" and no more a "corps baleinés" (which were
very stiffed bodices, worn under the reign of Louis 14 or Louis 15).
The corset is more supple, comfort is back.
That's what
have to be kept in mind, this "corps de robe" :
It's an archaic term but it's still there by the end of the 18th century, it's only
falling into disuse but it's important for what is following.
After that you have the "bas de robe" (=gown's bottom). It's what is now
called the "jupe" (=skirt), or the "jupon" (=petticoat), so
you can use both terms
without making mistakes.
When I'll talk about a "fourreau" (you will see that it will come very often)
I speak about a "corps de robe" and a "bas de robe", it doesn't matter if these 2 pieces are one single garment or two,
it's irrevelant.
It's just a bodice and a skirt
so, I know
that it will be a problem for many people because when we speak about "fourreaux" people think "dress".
They think of a garment in one single piece, but in fact it's not that notion.
The "fourreau" is an overall shape : "corps de robe" + "bas de robe"
Keep that point in mind
because I'll use the word "fourreau" very often, because it's the basic for the dresses during that period
It will come very often during the lecture.
On the fourreau you have the "manteau de robe" or "veste", depending en its size,
it's an over-gown, something like a bathrobe wrapped, you'll put on the "fourreau",
with different shapes. That's what will give names to the "robes" we are going to see later.
The "manteau" (=coat) is like a coat you put on your clothes. Nowadays you
wear it to go outside when it's cold, but during the 18th century it's not the same :
you wear it when someone can see you,
When you go out but inside the house as well.
You will not go around with a fourreau, it's an kind under-garment
that can be seen,
but it's not enough to be an outfit. It's important, because
there are a lot of "experts fights" about "fourreaux" and "robes fourreaux".
That's why I have to tell it again : the "robe fourreau" is a dress for young kids,
and it can be found in other countries, like in Italy.
But in France
you can find them too, they are
just worn as the basis of the costume, it's not enough to go out.
That's important.
This "manteau de robes" is in two parts too (but in one piece) : you'll find
the "manteau de robe"'s bodice, the "corps" of the "manteau de robe", for
the top part, and you'll have the "queue de robe" (=gown's tail) at the bottom of the "manteau de robe",
It's too called "jupe de robe" (=gown's skirt). If you keep all these terms in mind then
you will be able to understand easily
all the notions I'll talk about later, it will be simple
to deal with all these kinds of dresses shapes I will talk about in few minutes.
I chose to sort them by the underwear shapes, which kind of shape is under the "robes".
For the start of Marie-Antoinette's reign you will have the "paniers" (=side hoops), after that you'll have the "cul de Paris" (=bum roll)
instead of paniers, and after all these shapes will be removed and petticoats only will be kept.
That evolution in underwear shapes
was quite slow
and didn't change overnight : you could meet in the street, at the same moment,
women wearing "paniers" (=side hoops), "cul de Paris" (=bum roll) or nothing but "jupons" (=petticoat),
Only very rich people change their whole wardrobe fast.
Only few people could follow the fashion.
But if you take a look at the shape of the dress and what is under, you can
have a good idea of what is under and find during which decade
you'll find this dress.
If a dress was worn at the start of M-A's reign you had these "paniers". It's a metallic side hoop
that oversizes the hips.
The front and the back of the dress are flat, all the volumes are on the side.
You'll have to put a "jupon" (=petticoat) on it. It's very important
because if you skip the "jupon" then the metallic hoops can be seen !
It's not very nice
and very often, even during reenactment, we can see the boning of the hoops
under the dress : it can ruin the whole costume !
A "jupon" (=petticoat) is so important, whatever you are wearing under the dress.
About paniers
you have two kinds of paniers : the "grand panier" (=large side hoops) which are wide
This "grand panier" is for important ceremonies
at the king's court, so you'll wear them
for holy days, weddings, receptions for ambassadors, it's
quite a ceremonial gown which is needed on a "grand panier".
You too have the "petit panier" (=small side hoops) which is more practical, and allow
ladies to walk without huge amonts of fabrics on their back,
compared
to the "grand panier".
Then, you have the "cul de Paris" (= bum roll).
It was too called a "tournure" (=bustle). But I will not use that word to avoid
with the late 19th century bustles :
the name is the same
but the costume piece have a different shape, that's why I prefer
using the term "cul de Paris"
It's a big cushion with different shapes, as you can see on this print,
with all these "culs de Paris" hanging on the wall.
Ladies used to wear them to get huge butts, it enlarges the butt.
You'll have few volumes on the hips and much more behind. Many shapes are existing :
small "culs", medium "culs", large "culs".
Everything did exist, and some where covered with a cloth, very similar
to petticoats
and which gives more volumes.
The different shapes are not an evolution,
it depends on personnal tastes,
what kind of "robe" you are going to wear.
Some "robes" match with large rolls, and others with small ones, so
everything depends on what you want to wear.
But it's always worn with an underwear petticoat.
I insist on petticoats because at one moment we are going to take all
the hoops and rolls off, and only the "jupons" (=petticoats) will remain.
This "jupon" can be
quilted, like on this image on the left, or made with horsehair or with denim,
which are quite
a stiff fabrics, or
with a veiIt depends on the kind of dress you are going to wear on it. Do you want volume ? Is this petticoat visible or
is an underwear ? It's up to you.
You decide, depending on the dress itself.
Quilted petticoats, like on the left, can be seen.
But the one on the right seems to be invisible, it's an underwear.
That's why the word "jupon" (=petticoat) is a deceptive term
as it's not always an underwear,
it can be a skirt.
An other important point : I will often talk
about the "manteaux de robes" but it exists in two versions : long version,
simply called a "manteau de robe", and the short version.
This version is called
"caraco". So, if I speak about a "caraco à la française" it's just a "robe à la française" in short version
and it cas have other names.
But just remember that a "caraco" if a short version of a dress, it's not a gown name. Now let's talk about gowns, at last !
On "paniers" : on the "grande paniers" you can wear a "grand habit"
or a "grande robe". Several terms exist
and they can be synonyms.
What does the "grand habit" stands for ? It's a dress that comes from the
17th century, because it's Louis 14 who fixed this formal gown and it evolved not that much
for almost 100 years. It's made with
a "bas de robe", the skirt, a "queue de robe", the train, and the "corps de robe", a stiff boned bodice.
This time I speak about a "corps baleiné" because it's what you have to wear with
this formal dress.
It's really archaic : only for important event, with a
"corps baleiné",
and it will quickly become out-dated.
This dress is not a french dress.
You can tell me "Hey, how strange : you talk to us about parisian fashion
and you show us a foreign dress !". Well, in fact it's because I too cant to show you real dresses
and not only prints or paintings. The problem is that
we have no more "grands habits" in France, all are gone, that's why I have to use foreigner dresses,
but be sure that if I show them to you then it means they are very close to french dresses.
We are done with the "grand habit".
After that we'll have the "robe à la française" which is one of our blockbusters.
The "robe à la française" is simply
a "manteau de robe" that is put on a "fourreau" and that have a pleats on the back.
Its sleeves are typical too.
On this image you can see how the "robe à la française" will evolve :
To the left, for example, you can see what was worn in the beginning of the reign, to the right, you have
some time later, a shorter skirt and
the material used isn't the same anymore, the tailoring is completely brought up-to-date
but nonetheless, it's still a "robe à la française", because the back is pleated.
For the front of the dress, there are several choices :
The most frequent version is to use a "piece d'estomac" (=stomacher), a
decorated panel, which helps finishing the look and is pinned on the corps baleiné
or on the corset (but with a robe à la française, a corps baleiné is more frequently used). As a matter of fact,
this "pièce d'estomac" is very often worn with a "robe à la française", but not always.
Because the "corps baleiné" or the "corset" can be
decorated, and in this precise case, the "piece d'estomac" is an inseparable part of
the "corps" or the "corset", which enables the wearer to pin the "manteau de robe" to
the "corps" or the "corset" and it's way more easy and quick to settle.
And you will see, gradually
as the times flies,
some "robes à la française" which will be closed by the front
with "compères", i.e two flap-like pieces which are closed with small buttons, or
directly by a strip of staples. Those are really evolutions of the "robe à la française".
Then, there is also "robe à la piémontaise" (piedmontese dress), which is quite unknown and
not as widely used, even at this era
it was a quite exotic garb
that experts likes
in the 18th century fashion. It's in fact a "robe à la française" but the pleat isn't sewn at the back of the dress
so it's almost completely
autonomous : we can reach under the fold so it's
quite fun to see but it wasn't really
that much worn.
Then, you can see what is called a "pet-en-l'air", which is simply the "caraco" (jacket) version
of the "robe à la française", and it looks like what you can see here. It was simply worn with a "jupon" (petticoat)
over which the "pet-en-l'air" was put on.
By the way, on the right one, you can see that, in a funny way,
the pleat isn't always the same as a Watteau pleat (note that while I speak about watteau pleats, I know that it's an anachronism,
but it's
a term that is quite
known by everyone, even people that are not acquainted with costume lingo, so I'm going to use it
even if I know it's an anachronism), so here, the pleat
on the costume on the right, are small knife pleats. In fact,
when you have a "robe à la française" or its "caraco" version
the pleat isn't always the same
We often say "here is a robe à la française's pleat" while showing a very complicated diagram with kilometers of fabric,
and it's often the case, indeed, but not always.
A lot of dressmakers did as they could, so some of them made them higgledy-piggledy, so there was people
who used easier ways
and some of them failed terribly.
There is even dresses whose pleats are not double or which are knife-pleated, like the dress on the right.
Then, here comes a dress that is quite forgotten in the costume history in France
and it's a shame because it's very pretty : it's the famous "robe ajustée" (= fitted dress)
which is in fact quite close to the "robe à la français".
They have the same front, so you can see here that it's worn either with a "pièce d'estomac",
or, as it's an open dress, on a decorated and trimmed "corps baleiné".
So we can't know as long as we don't remove the dress if it has been worn over a decorated "corps" or a "pièce d'estomac".
So you can see that the front is very very close to the "robe à la française"'s,
but the back is very different, because it's a fitted dress
so there isn't all the pleats that you can see on a "robe à la française"
but everything else is almost the same. Here is for the "robe ajustée"
which needs to be discussed more about, because as I said, it's not a well-known dress, sadly.
This "robe ajustée" will become
the "casaquin", which is worn over a small "panier" or a false rump
and it's going to give you this kind of
garment, you can see that it's simply a "manteau de robe"
that is quite short, because it's the "caraco" version of the "robe ajustée" which is worn here for example with a
"pièce d'estomac".
Here you have another "casaquin" with a matching petticoat
and which is also worn over a "pièce d'estomac" pinned
over a "corps" or a "corset", or directly over the trimmed "corps" or "corset" ("garni", as we said in this era)
Here is for the "casaquin". Then I'll show you the "anglaise", which is
the heir of the "robe ajustée". The "anglaise" is going to be worn over
a "small pannier"
or
on a cul (="bum roll) or over a petticoat. Why can it be worn over so much different support ? Because
actually the "anglaise" has been worn during a very long time.
Why did it lasts so much ? Because its full name is "fourreau à l'anglaise", even if we rarely say
its entire name. So as indicated by its name, it's a fourreau dress, which means it can be a base
for costumes
by adding a "manteau" over it. So the "robe à l'anglaise" or "fourreau à l'anglaise" is simply a "fourreau" that can
be opened and closed on the front of the bodice.
As you can see on this picture, here it's worn with a contrasting petticoat and the "manteau de robe" is closed on the front.
Here you can see a really pretty "anglaise" back and you can see how it looks like a "robe ajustée" (fitted dress)
and here, you have a dress front, that is clearly pinned. Why do I talk about
pinning ? Simply because there are "compères" here : it's this lacing
over the eyelet strips that are sewn over the lining (see the red arrows)
that allows to close the dress on the front by tightening the "compères"
Then you will tuck the
edges of the dress (see blue arrows) to close
the dress corsage
that you're going to pin.
It's way more tidy than if you use clips, which were also used, even if it's less common.
Using clips is risky, because
it can pull too much on the fabric
and it will spread apart the edges of the corsage, so you'll have to add a lot of trim (or a fichu) to hide it.
And what is inconvenient with clips, is that if your weight change,
then you'll have to replace the clips or make another dress, and if you don't have that much
money,
it's much more interesting to
modify the dress' waist with a lacing system.
That's why I mentioned the "compères".
Those are things that we often forget when we
reconstruct costumes, and that's a shame because most of the "fourreaux à l'anglaise" we know have those compères
but they've been removed, and that why most of the dresses that are shown don't have them anymore
in museums or private collections, but they were there nonetheless.
Here you have specific cases, ie I put pictures of "fourreaux à
l'anglaise" et là c'est quelque chose qui est très intéressant si vous vous rappelez ce que je vous ai dit au début :
the number of pieces doesn't matter, and here, you have some "fourreaux à l'anglaise"
made as a single dress.
On those two pictures, this is made of a single dress.
So there is a dress bottom and a dress top, a "corps de robe" (= dress body), but those two parts make
an anglaise done with a single piece.
Another thing to know about "robes à l'anglaise" : we can also roll up the back of the bottom's dress
as shown with the red arrows,
which makes a "robe à l'anglaise
retroussée" (rolled up) or a "robe
retroussée à la polonaise".
So it's not at all a "robe à la polonaise", and we musn't mix them up.
It's simply an "anglaise" rolled up to make it look like a "polonaise".
Then you have another nuance,
what we call "front zone" today, but the term didn't exist at the time :
It's a dress cut to give the impression that it's open on the stomach,
and it shows the
bust of the wearer.
As a matter of fact it's not the case at all, it's a trompe-l'oeil, that is to say, it's simply a "robe à l'anglaise" like all the other ones, excepted that
we made small ruches on the sides of the dress to fake an
opening and fake open "manteau de robe", but it's truly a "robe à l'anglaise",
the same as I showed earlier.
I talked about "robes à l'anglaise", I'm going to show you
the "caraco" version of it : it's simply a short "robe à l'anglaise", as we can have different kinds of length.
To the right, a very pretty "caraco" is pictured
and you can see the compères on the left,
that are present on the short version as well as on the longer ones, we really see them well here, though,
they are those two rows of eyelet tape that we can lace, and we just have to fold up the
edges and pin them and here we are, nice finition.
And as I said before, it's more convenient than clips, even if those are also
possible if you wish to reproduce the dresses of this era
Then we will have
the "robe à la polonaise", which are always worn over a cul (=bum roll)
because it hasn't been worn for a very long time : only a few years. So this famous "robe à la polonaise",
what are its characteristics ? Well, it's a very short dress, which
allows to see
the shoes, ankles and the calves' bottom. It can be variable in length
and it's more a city dress, because the cities were quite dirty at the time
and so you could avoid dirtying your hem. It's quite funny to see that it's inspired by the dresses worn by
sheperdess
which are more pastoral dresses, worn in the country
but the parisian fashion made this a city dress ! So, the "robe à la polonaise", what are its characteristic features ?
As you can see it on the right picture
it's a "battante" dress : if you look at the "manteau de robe", it's the red-pink part
to the right
it's tied on the breast and isn't adjusted
on the sides, so it spreads. It's why we call it "battante", it's not
fitted on the "fourreau, which is the white part. And then again
the "fourreau" can be in one or two parts,
both have existed and we can't really see which one it is
on the picture we're looking at.
So we have a white "fourreau" and a "manteau de robe à la polonaise" in pink on this picture.
The "polonaises" often have "manches sabot" ("sabot sleeves"), which "encase" the elbow
and then
anyway, what's really important is that it's a "robe battante" :
which spreads on the "Cul de Paris" (bum roll) so your back isn't tailored at all
the dress isn't fitted, that why when I talked about bathrobes earlier
I wasn't that far from the reality. That's true, that it's kind of shocking for our modern taste
because we don't find this really aesthetic,
but then, we have to stop anachronisms here : our tastes aren't those they had in the past.
What's important is not to mix up
the "robe à la polonaise" with the "anglaise".
On the central image, you have a true "robe à la polonaise", without seams
on the waist, the back pieces are cut in a single piece lenghtwise
while on the "anglaise" (on the right) you can see a seam
between the bottom part and the corsage, that's the major
difference betweeen the polonaise and the anglaise, and
you can seee that the anglais is much more fitted than the polonaise which is "battante"
those two gowns are still "retroussées à la polonaise". This term
could mean that it's because the dress forms three parts on the dress' skirt :
le back part is "la queue" ("the tail") and the two side parts
which are rolled up on are called "les ailes" ("the wings")
There is a story that tells that it's because Poland had been split in three parts
which could explain the name given to those dresses
because they are also divided in three parts. We aren't sure about the accuracy of this story
but it seems that it was a fake history,
invented in the 19th century.
I'm still searching for sources explaining the name of this dress.
On the right, what you can see isn't a "polonaise", of course.
Since we talked about the "polonaise", let's see the "caraco à la polonaise", with all the features
of the polonaise
excepted the fact that it's not rolled up, because the dress is too short to make it, but otherwise it's a "robe
battante" : you can see that it's neither fitted nor adjusted on the "fourreau". You also have three-quarter sleeves and it's closed on the breast.
The "polonaise" is a late 1770s dress,
and here is the "circassienne"
which was worn from the beginning of the 1780s and was very popular
around 1785.
So the "circassienne" is worn over a long-sleeved "fourreau",
as you can see here.
The "fourreau" is the yellow part.
The "manteau de robe à la circassienne" is the blue part, and we see those pretty little trumpet sleeves
and we can see that the dress meet up at breast-level
But sometimes, it isn't joined at this point, because we have found dresses where the fabric meets up near the navel.
So the place on the torso where the edges of the "manteau de robe" meet doesn't matter.
Several variations are possible, but the important feature is that there is only one point
where the two flaps are joined and those particular trumpet sleeves.
About the back
it looks a lot like a "robe à la polonaise", at the difference that it's less "battante", much more adjusted than a "polonaise"
so the back is quite fitted but it's still rolled up like a "polonaise".
There you can see the "caraco" version of the "robe à la circassienne"
what's interesting is that
we can't see the trumpet sleeves
which I talked about, so they might be hidden
under the decorations.
Then you have a dress called the "robe à la Lévite"
When I talked about bathrobes, you're going to see that it's clearly in
this kind of loose "manteau de robe", because the "robe à la Lévite" is a "fourreau", over which
we have a "manteau de robe"
which is draped and closed
on the front, either by a row of fasteners
which can be made from haberdashery, or clips or it can be pinned
and it can also be
simply
closed on a single point, like the "polonaise", at breast-level or like some "circassiennes", near the navel.
Here are some pictures of
"Lévites" dresses which are closed over the whole bust, but it's not always like that.
But the Lévites always have those lapels that you can see on the bottom sleeves
made with a contrasting fabric on the left,
on the right they are a little less noticeable because the decoration
acts as a lapel. And then you have the "rabats de col" (=collar flaps) on the left picture
which are also contrasting and which we could confuse with a "chemise" (=shift) collar
So this small white collar on the right
can be in fact the lapel.
Another Lévite feature : it has this
belt
which enables to tighten the dress on the waist, which is pretty important.
I've never seen a "Lévite" without its belt.
It can be worn over a petticoat
without any structure, so it looks more loose
and you can see that it's not really attractive for our modern tastes.
When I was talking about bathrobes
We're not that far with the "Lévite"
The next dress is the "robe à la turque" also known as "robe à la sultane" : for a while I believed that it was
two different dresses, although sources shows that they are incredibly similar
and I never found anything which differentiates them.
So it looks like a mix between
a "circasienne" and a "lévite", which is completly normal, because the "robe à la sultane",
"circasienne" or "lévite", are all inspired by Middle or Far-Eastern fashion.
So we find this kind of "manteau de robe" that we see here
in blue, over a long-sleeved "fourreau".
There are short sleeves, with a small trumpet effect, but not as significant as the "circasienne"
And we have the following features :
the belt, like on the "lévites"
but the big différences are that
the "manteau de robe" is never rolled up
and the two front sides of the "manteau de robe" are not joined : we can see the "corps de robe",
the "fourreau" is shown. By the way, what's funny here on this plate is that it looks like
this dress is made in a single piece, ie that everything is sewn together, even the belt.
It's in fact closed like an anglaise, we can see on this plate that there is a fastener on the front
So either it's indeed made from a single dress where everything is sewn, or we have a "fourreau à l'anglaise"
worn under a "manteau de robe" with a belt.
We also have later versions
of the "robes à la turque", as we can see on the right plate
here, we cannot really see because the lady is shown on her side
but the two edges of the "manteau de robe" aren't closed and really let us see
the "corps de robe", which is yellow with three-quarter sleeves.
It's more than possible that the fourreau is still a single-part one, here, even if its quite
contrasting and it's also possible that all the dress is made in one part.
And we are done with the "robe à la turque".
Now, let's see a dress that is really
a symbol of Marie-Antoinette's reign : it's the "robe en gaulle", also called
"robe chemise", "chemise à la reine" or
fourreau créole. A lot of names exists for it.
I choosed to call it "robe en gaulle" to avoid mixing it up with
the "chemise" (=shift), which is another part of the costume worn under the dress as an undergarment.
So that's why I'll be calling it a "gaulle", even if the term is rarely used
during this period. The "robe en gaulle" is
most of the time made of cotton (or silk, sometimes). So it's an ivory or white dress,
especially at the beginning of its use,
it's recognizable by its ruffles around the collar and its slightly "ballon" sleeves.
You have to known that, even if this description is the typical "robe chemise", there are differents kinds of "robes chemises".
We could speak about it in another video by the way.
because there is a lot to say about it.
Anyway it's made from a very light fabric, and it's worn over a "fourreau"
What's interesting about the left picture here, is that the "fourreau" is made from a contrasting color,
yellow, which is seen through the transparent fabric. But this dress
itself is called a fourreau, because
it embraces the body, and is fitted around
the torso of the person, and goes down until the floor : that's why you're going to
find it under other dress types, for example under a "Lévite". We can wear a "robe chemise"
because it's a "fourreau", like a "fourreau à l'anglaise",
or a corsage and jupe, under these other "manteaux de robes".
But what makes it so special are those casings, on the front, which is one of the major features of the "robe chemise",
with the thin fabric.
Thoses casings are used to close the dress around the waist, and you will also have a belt, always made from a fabric of contrastive colour,
even if it'll disapear as the waistline goes up at the end of M-A's reign.
In the same time, you'll also see dresses made with vivid colours,
which is pretty interesting because it's really the early stages that lead to "Empire" fashion (ndlT : "Empire" in France, "Regency" in GB)
Because it's this draped silhouette, reminding of Antique fashion
with a high waist-line.
The petticoats are going to be less numerous, which will make the dresses going flat,
and, to schematize, you're going to end up with
the regency dresses, with classical antiquity-inspired lines. It's really interesting, I think,
to see the link between the differents kind of dresses through time, we can see a real
phylogeny between
those dresses. Now let's see another really famous kind of dress, the "redingote"
which comes from the english phrase
"riding coat", which is a coat used for riding horses and when it crossed the Channel
the French are going to pronounce it with their french accent : "redingote".
It has different features,
it's worn over a petticoat
and
probably over a corset
which helps to have this particular form. Over the corset comes the manteau de robe, this "redingote",
which really looks like a coat, with its quite modern attributes
which makes it looks quite androgynous, because the "redingote" was more a menswear coat
with its collar and sleeves lapels, which can be contrasting like
on the left picture or made in the same color than the dress, like on the right picture. However
one of the characteristics which is very important, with the lapels, is the presence of buttons.
No buttons, no "redingotes" : buttons were linked with masculine fashion before,
and women never wore them on their dresses, so we can see an apparition of menswear elements on the silhouettes.
We will see buttons, which helps to make the silhouette looks more androgynous for the period.
It's a quite particular silhoutte, very easy to spot
and then, who says "redingote" says
"caraco", so
the short version. It's called a "veste à revers" (=jacket with lapels) and it's simply
a redingote without
the "jupe de robe" (dress bottom)
so
there you only have the corsage of the "redingote", which makes the "veste à revers". The lapels are found on the sleeves
and collar, with the big buttons. On the right one
there are also "basques" (flaps), which are really short because it's a "caraco" version
and a lot of buttons.
That's all you have to remember about the short version of the redingote.
The last kind of dress is going to be the "pierrot"
It looks like a veste à revers, but there is no lapel.
Worn over a petticoat, or a cul and a petticoat,
it's inspired by
the "caraco d'anglaise", so it's closer to the "anglaise" than to the "veste à revers".
The "pierrot" gives you that
small corsage with "basques" (flaps) that spike outward and make the wearer looking like a
sparrow, with its tail
which spikes outward.
During the 18th century, in France, a sparrow was called a "pierrot" : it gives its name to the jacket.
Here you can see two different types of "pierrots" : on the right, the jacket is
sewn on the corsage
so it's a trompe l'oeil, the dark part is a single piece of costume.
And it's closed on the front like an "anglaise". There is a
lacing system on "compères" and the edges are folded down and probably
pinned, so we have a nice fitted corsage.
On the right, the "pierrot" is the red part. The white part
is the "fourreau", so we have a petticoat and a
corsage (or corset) with long sleeves because what we see here aren't the arms of the lady
but the sleeves of the "fourreau", so the pierrot is only the red part. And to adjust it
on the "corps de robe" and to ensure that the "pierrot" doesn't become a "battante" jacket,
we tightened it with a belt and there are some
châtelaines which are hanging
and are heavy enough to weigh down the pierrot and avoid it curling upward on the front
So here on the right, you have a back view of a pierrot, without collar lapels
but you have this small "tail" that curls upwards and is typical of the "pierrot".
And here we have seen all the main kind of dresses under Marie-Antoinette's reign
So I hope it's clearer for you.
I tried to show the dresses in a chronological order, first with the paniers, then
with the "cul de Paris" (bum roll) and finally everything worn over simple petticoats.
Because, as I said at the beginning of the lecture,
those three structures have been worn one after another. And with all this, you
should have a better insight of the different kind of dresses.
Don't hesitate to ask questions, if some things aren't clear. I'll try to answer as much as I can.
It's quite difficult if I cannot show anything and only write about it, but I'll try to help you the best I can.
A lot of other kinds of dresses exists, but I focused on those which were the most common
and
I think I didn't miss a lot of them
during my lecture, even if we could show a lot more
other types : "robe à la chinois", "à la musulmane", "à la versaillaise", etc.
They weren't worn for a long time in history
and that's why I didn't talk about them in this video, to avoid it being way too long !
But here we are, I think it gives you a glimpse of what existed.
Thank you very much for following me !
And if you liked the video
don't hesitate to follow me, to give a thumb up or a thumb down
if you didn't like it and if you're a well-trained hater, go ahead and rage on.
But well, the thumb up is way nicer :-)
Otherwise, there is of course the facebook page
of Temps d'élégance", so please, feel free to like it
if it's not already done. And then, there is the blog "Temps d'élégance", that you can find easily on google
or in the links under the video.
I don't think I'll write a complete article on the different kind of dresses because as you can see this video is already quite long,
I would have a lot of things to say about it, but still
there would be enough to fill an entire book about it.
Why not, anyway ? But it's not in my agenda now.
Maybe I'll write several articles about those dresses,
but there is already a lot of things on the blog, so don't hesitate to subscribe !
And of course, thank you very much to the people who support me
on "Tipeee" : you can give me tips,
whatever you want, it's not an obligation, starting from 1 euro/month, it's not
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If you're already supporting me
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I don't talk about Tipers much, but you have my sincere thanks for
your support, it really warms my heart!
Until then, take care and see you soon if you liked it, for maybe another small talk. Goodbye !
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Overcome Your Fear - Duration: 0:20.
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But don't let your fear hold you back any longer.
Confront your fear head on today.
Know that you have the power within you to overcome anything and break down the wall
of fear.
Once you overcome your fear you will discover your greatest success on the other side.
-------------------------------------------
Librairie sonore - L'amie prodigieuse et 117 Nord - Duration: 5:56.
For more infomation >> Librairie sonore - L'amie prodigieuse et 117 Nord - Duration: 5:56. -------------------------------------------
Gota.io | Gaver.io LiveStream |Join Us|-Ϯᕱ☬ - Duration: 1:33:11.
For more infomation >> Gota.io | Gaver.io LiveStream |Join Us|-Ϯᕱ☬ - Duration: 1:33:11. -------------------------------------------
SOCIAL EXPERIMENT #45 : SHITTING IN PUBLIC ! - Duration: 9:19.
Hi friends, welcome to Bruxelles with all the team!
If you saw someone peeing or shitting in the street, how would you react ?
For that end , we shot with Chantal (our one-day actress)
who accepted ( and we can thank her) to shoot and
Pee
How will people react ?
Will people stay open-mouthed faced to this situation ?
[ hygiene officers don't react ]
Wallah, any respect
Look at him... you are taking some pictures ?
Girls she is an actress. Congratulations !
That's a social experience
Come and speak with her. You had a good reaction
You reacted.
Especially men!
rarely women!
That's why I reacted !
That's dirty all the time and then they ask themselves why
people don't care!
We are living in Porte d'Anderlecht and that's the same thing
There are people that dirty and then complain about it !
What are the brakes? Why do you think that people don't react ?
Because people don't want to get involved in other people's lives.
[ Some people don't see that a woman is shitting just in front of them]
Miss...
What ?
You have A beautiful buttock
It is possible to drink something with you ?
What ?!!
That's not my fault! I can't wait!
Do you have a tissue please ?
Is that a hen house ?
It happens mister!
[ The cene is surrealistic, the woman is searching for some paper to give to our actress ]
[ Thanks Ma'am]
Mister, I saw you stressed a bit.
I was ashamed for you
Hey do you need to go to the toilet ?
Yes I need
Look there is a bar!
No there are too much people and I have to pay. I have no money.
I give you 50 cents
I have no money!
I give you some money!
take it! 0.50€
It is too late! I've done it
Ah you have done!
Don't you have some paper for me ?
You know I can't wait. I still need ...
Take it !
oh no ! It is too late!
Hey! She things that she's to her mother ??
Is she serious ?
What do you say ?
Are you ok?
What ? I didn't do anything !
Do you need something ?
Yes! Give me some paper!
I only have cigarettes!
I can't wait !
Do you want a cigarette ?
No! No! Some paper!
Do you have some paper ?
No.
That's a social experience!
That's for her !
thank you! Thank you!
That's normal in Europe !
In Morocco our country that's not normal !
Here, you do what you want. There is freedom.
Sometimes, that's an emergency!
She can't stay like that
Diarrhoea!
What's the matter ?
I saw that mister was very chocked.
We are with some children
If we were alone, we would maybe not have had the same reaction.
Do you have some paper please ?
A tissue ?
It happens! No need to complain!
[Incredible for the second time our actress is receiving some paper]
Why do you say ooh ? When a man acts like that we don't say anything!
It happens
But I didn't see you!
Are you ok ?
There is a hidden camera!
Pay attention!
Don't you have some paper please ?
what?
Some paper ? A tissue ?
Mister don't ou have a tissue please ?
Can you hide me please ?
Mister ?!
Put yourself there to hide me!
[ Say that that's not normal is a good way to react ]
That's not normal! There are some snack-bar!
Don't you have a tissue ?
Why ?
It happens !
She's an actress
Ah she ?
But why in front of everyone ?
It couldn't be possible in Italy
And in Belgium ?
Yes a lot !
Not only men pee !
That's not important !
Thanks Sir!
Hello!
Can we know what you were doing ?
That's urgent ...
I need to go to the toilet
But do you thing that here are toilets ?
I don't have any choice !
There are toilets almost everywere!
You can't do that in the street!
And men ?
They pee everywhere and you don't say anything!
Thats the same for everyone.
I can't wait I am sorry.
Can I have your identity card ?
Now we have that king of problem with people who don't have any money.
And that don't understand.
[ And with a man?]
Hey!
I can pee
Clear off!
Wait, can I pee ?
No peeing !
But I need to pee!
Where do I go ?
I am calling the police
Can't I pee
Go to a bar!
They don't want.
They said me no.
why can't I pee ?
That's the street
The street belongs to everyone!
Clear off !
Well, I am goign to pee.
CLEAR OFF !
What will the police do ?
Why can't I ?
no need to be violent.
What happened ?
people don't respect.
Yesterday some people were shitting there.
The advice for someone for sees another person
peeing in the street
is to discuss with that person and show her the nearest urinal.
Know that peeing in the street can be punishable by a fine
that can go until 350 €
You always can see where the toilets are in your way
to face that kind of problem
There are more than 50 officers that give a fine for that behaviour.
We are all involved and you can react when you see an incivility.
And I talking to young people:
So don't hesitate to react !
-------------------------------------------
Brigitte et Emmanuel Macron : leurs tendres baisers à l'aéroport- [Nouvelles 24h] - Duration: 4:22.
For more infomation >> Brigitte et Emmanuel Macron : leurs tendres baisers à l'aéroport- [Nouvelles 24h] - Duration: 4:22. -------------------------------------------
Things ALL Cosplayers Hate - Duration: 2:54.
Ow!
Not again...
Alright, next con...so many costumes I want to make!
Or...
I could try get through my backlog of photos...
Hmmm...
Wonder if I'm ever going to shoot these...
Okay, where's that wig I need?
Nope, nope, nope....
Nope, nope, nope, nope, nope, nope, nope...
(How about) over here?
Nope, nope, nope, nope, nope...
Ah, here it is!
I cut it too short.
Goddammit.
Double this over...
(I'm just short! Now I have to buy more!)
(Goddammit.)
Alright, that's all the fabric i'll need!
Just put this extra fabric away...
Alright!
Are you serious?
It's too hot! I don't want to try the costume on...
It's too cold! I don't wanna try the costume on...
Alright, just got some fresh paint...
...put it in the paint box...
Goddammit.
Put another coat...
Goddammit, still wet...
Aggh, not on my pants!
Aw, not on the carpet!
Ow!!
Need another stick...
I'm out of sticks...
There we go, all done!
Now to clean up!
Ah, crap.
G'day fellas, how're you goin'?
That's all the stuff that usually troubles me everytime I make a costume...
Did I miss anything? Let me know in the comments below!
Also, let me know if there's anything you'd like me to make a video on!
That's it for now, catch you guys next time!
-------------------------------------------
COMPILATION: Preserving the harvest ⎢Tomatoes 🍅 Peppers 🌶 Herbs and aromatics 🌱 Garlic - Duration: 2:57.
Compilation
Fall produce preservation tip
Freezing ready grilled skinned peppers for recipes
After a few hours (to overnight) in the freezer
Vacuum seal
Ready minced garlic
Oven-candied summer tomatoes
Low oven temperature (225F) for as long as it takes (depends on your tomatoes!)
(Typically 3-6 hours - I like them soft candied, not completely dried)
Salted herbs (traditional Quebec recipe)
Add coarse Guérande Salt or good quality sea salt
(they will keep for 6 months to a year). Best natural way to season omelettes, mayonnaise, soups, stews, etc
So? Do you like these types of compilations?
it's to inspire you!
For the complete techniques and recipes
just click on the "i" symbol on the top right corner of your screen
See you Wednesday
We love you, don't forget to subscribe!
Ciao!
-------------------------------------------
Hoy voy a cambiar | Lupita D'Alessio tiene un bochornoso incidente - Duration: 2:03.
For more infomation >> Hoy voy a cambiar | Lupita D'Alessio tiene un bochornoso incidente - Duration: 2:03. -------------------------------------------
Best in Class CoreSite Data ... For more infomation >> Best in Class CoreSite Data ...-------------------------------------------
The Bizarre Afterlives of Ancient CIVILIZATIONS - Duration: 12:47.
What happens after we die?
It's a
question we've all probably pondered at least once in our life, because it's one
of life's greatest mysteries.
And it will also probably stay that way until we leave this world ourselves.
Throughout history, different civilizations have also thought about what happens when
someone dies.
As varying cultures, they developed complex systems about what happens after we take our
last breaths.
While some of them are very different from each other, there are also a shocking amount
of similarities between the afterlives of these cultures that were spread out all over
the world.
10.
The Mesopotamians
The Mesopotamia civilization was located in and around modern day Iraq, and it is considered
the cradle of civilization.
The Mesopotamian afterlife was based on their creation of man story.
Man was created by a deity named We-ilu, who mixed clay and blood from a god together.
God's blood made us part immortal, so when the body dies, it is buried and returns to
clay.
However, the immortal part remains on Earth as a spirit before traveling to the underworld.
In the underworld, the soul passes through a demon-infested plain, then crosses the Khuber
River with the assistance of a being called Silushi ("Quick, take [me] there!"), and
they have to get through the seven gates of the netherworld city with the permission of
the gatekeeper, Bidu ("Open Up!").
Upon arrival in the underworld, the immortal part of the person was "judged" by the
court of deities and then given a place in the afterlife.
Even in heaven there was social structure, and where someone is placed in the great city
of dead depended on two factors.
The first was their social stature when they were alive, and the second depended on how
their body taken care of after death.
So in ancient Mesopotamia, you definitely wanted to treat your family nice while you
were alive.
9.
The Aztecs
The Aztec civilization emerged in the early 13th century in what is today modern Mexico.
Their afterlife was different than many other cultures, because where a soul ended up depended
on how the person died, and it was not based on the way they lived their lives.
The Aztec afterlife was split into four sections that were based on the four cardinal directions.
In the east, there was an afterlife for women who died during childbirth.
In that afterlife, they would help the sun emerge from the underworld.
The people who died from diseases like leprosy, or were killed by lightning, or drowned, went
to the afterlife in the south.
It was a beautiful place where there was plenty to eat and drink.
In the north, the afterlife was called Mictlan and it was for people who died naturally,
such as from old age.
They had four years to make it through eight different levels of challenges.
If they did, their soul would find peace on the ninth level.
As for warriors who died in combat, their heaven was in the west.
In Aztec culture, the sun was important, and at times the Aztecs thought it was possible
that the sun would enter the underworld and never re-emerge.
So when a warrior died, he went to the heaven in the west, where he would help their god
Huitzilopochtli, who was one of the two principal gods of the Aztecs and the sun and war god.
Together, they would fight against the darkness to ensure that the sun would rise.
They spent four years doing this, and then they returned to Earth as a hummingbird.
8.
The Maoris
The Maori people arrived in what is today New Zealand in waves of canoes between 1250
and 1300 AD.
When someone dies in the Maori culture, the spirit goes as far as someone can walk in
New Zealand, which is the tip of Cape Reinga.
There, the spirit slides down a Pohutukawa tree and into the ocean and eventually rejoins
its ancestors.
Their afterlife consisted of at least two different realms, sometimes as high as 12.
Each level was ruled over by one of their gods.
How the Maoris lived didn't really effect which afterlife they went to because the Maoris
did not believe that spirits were punished for their behavior on Earth.
The Maoris apparently weren't overly concerned with the afterlife.
What they did worry about was that someone's spirit might not slide down the tree, and
this could negatively affect people in the land of the living.
7.
The Celts
The Celts were first mentioned in texts about 2,500 years ago, and what we know about their
early days comes from writings by other civilizations, like the Greeks and the Romans.
Because of that, it is highly debatable where the Celts' real roots are.
Many people believe they originated in the British Isles, while others believe they migrated
there from mainland Europe.
Nevertheless, what we do know is that when the Celts migrated to what is today Ireland,
they incorporated their religious beliefs with the inhabitants who already lived there.
They believed that after death, their soul went to an afterlife called the Otherworld,
which consisted of several different supernatural kingdoms.
This included Tír na nÓg ("The Land of the Young"), Mag Mell ("The Plain of Honey"),
and Tír Tairngire ("The Promised Land").
However, all the kingdoms were woven together, like the way scenes are meshed together in
a dream, so they can be in the different kingdoms all at the same time.
6.
Native Americans
It's believed that the ancestors of the Native Americans migrated from Russia to modern
day Alaska about 12,000 years ago.
They settled across South and North America, and by the time Europeans reached the Americas,
there were 50 million inhabitants; 10 million living in the United States.
Since there were so many people, spread over such a big area of land, the tribes developed
their own very unique cultures.
North American tribes were generally divided into different cultural areas that all had
a different view on the afterlife.
For the tribes of the Plains, they believed in an afterlife called the Happy Hunting Ground,
where there was plenty of buffalo to hunt.
The Pueblo Indians' afterlife was just a continuation of this one; they simply went
to another town where they meet up with dead people they knew in life.
They also weren't punished for anything they did in the previous life, because it
was simply a continuation of that life.
Similarly, the Omaha Indians of the Central Plains and the tribes of New England believed
the afterlife was just a continuation of this one and there was no reason to punish the
person in the afterlife.
Then, finally, there are the Cheyenne Indians of the Northern Plains, who believed that
the spirit had to find a trail where the footprints all pointed in the same direction.
They would follow the trail to the Milky Way until they got to a camp of the dead, which
was in the stars, and they were greeted by dead friends and relatives when they got there.
5.
The Ancient Chinese
In the ancient Chinese afterlife, when someone died, messengers carried their soul to Cheng
Husand, who was the God of Walls and Moats.
There, the soul was judged, and if the person was virtuous, then they would go on to paradise.
However, only people who were kings on Earth got to experience true paradise.
Other people went to a lower part of paradise, or they would be reincarnated.
There was also an underworld, called the Yellow Spring.
Evil souls go there for a fixed amount of time, where they are punished for bad deeds.
Once they have done their time, they are given the Elixir of Oblivion, and then they are
reborn.
4.
The Incans
The Incan empire started in the 12th century in the Andean area of South America.
Their empire spanned from Ecuador to central Chile with about 12 million inhabitants.
Huk vida, the Incan term for the afterlife, was three horizontal levels.
On top was Hanan Pacha, "The Upper World," which is where people who lived righteous
lives went after they died.
Next was Kay Pacha, which literally means "This World."
Finally, there was Uku Pacha, which is the "Below World" or the "Inner World."
It's where people who weren't good enough to go to Hanan Pacha go to live.
Unlike in many other underworlds, Uku Pacha isn't a place of punishment.
Instead, it's associated "with the feminine earth mother and the bones of the ancestors."
Also, the Incans did not believe that the worlds were completely separated.
Things like lightning were the Upper World connecting with This World, while mountains
reached from This World upwards.
As for the gateway to the Inner World, that was through holes and caves.
3.
The Vikings
When a Viking warrior died, it was possible for him to go to Valhalla, which means "The
Hall of the Fallen."
It is a great palace and the roof is made of shields, and it's guarded by wolves and
eagles.
When a warrior gets there, he is welcomed by the god Odin, and they share a glass of
mead, which is a sweet honey-based drink.
In Valhalla, the fallen warriors eat freshly slaughtered boar, which is made whole again
at evening.
Also, there is unlimited mead.
Yep, that's right: in Valhalla, it's an open bar.
Best afterlife ever.
They also constantly battled each other.
However, it was for sport, because they needed to keep training for their doomsday, called
Ragnarök.
When that happens, the warriors will exit the 540 doors of the hall to fight alongside
Odin against Norse mythology's most infamous wolf, Fenrir, who is the son of the god Loki
and the giantess Angrboða.
It was said that when a brave warrior dies, it is because Odin needed another warrior
to fight during Ragnarök.
So… maybe not quite the best afterlife ever.
But still, open bar!
However, not every warrior made it to Valhalla.
The warrior had to be an honorable person and they had to die in battle.
This gave them strong motivation to give it their all in their battles, because they had
no fear of death; they were going to a better place if they died.
As for people who didn't die on the battlefield, there were different afterlives.
For example, the Vikings were seafaring people, and if someone died at sea or drowned, they
would go to the hall of the sea god Aegir.
He was known for hosting parties for the gods.
If someone wasn't honorable, they went to a hall that has woven snakes which spew rivers
of venom.
People who got sick or, Odin forbid, died of old age had the worst afterlife.
They went to a foggy place where they had to eat terrible food with the goddess Hel,
who is decaying.
Finally, there are warriors who weren't lucky enough to make it to Valhalla, which
was supposedly half the soldiers.
The other half went to a meadow or field ruled over by the goddess Freyja, called Fólkvangr.
Life was more peaceful there than Valhalla.
They made art, told stories, and were companions to women who died as maidens.
2.
The Greeks and The Romans
The Greeks and the Romans share a very similar afterlife, because Romans borrowed the Greek
system of gods.
So for simplicity's sake, we'll just look at the Greek's afterlife.
In Greek mythology, when someone dies they go to the Underworld, which is deep in the
Earth.
It's ruled by Hades and his queen, Persephone.
Hades is always looking for more souls, and there is always room for more.
The soul's guide in the Underworld is Hermes, an Olympian god who is the son of Zeus.
The guide is needed because the Underworld is surrounded by five rivers; the Acheron
("River of Woe"), the Cocytus ("River of Lamentation"), the Phlegethon ("River
of Fire"), the River Styx ("River of Hate"), and the Lethe ("River of Forgetfulness").
To get the Underworld, a soul had to be ferried across the Rivers Styx by the boatman Charo,
if they had the fare.
The fare needed to be placed on the deceased people's lips by relatives.
If someone doesn't have the fare, they stayed in limbo between the two worlds.
On the other side of the river is a giant three headed dog named Cerberus.
He let's people in, but let's very few leave.
Kind of like a mythological roach motel.
After entering the gates, there are three judges named Rhadamanthus, Minos, and Aeacus,
and the deceased tell their life stories.
Then there are three possible outcomes.
The first is they go to the Fields of Asphodel, which is where most people go.
It's a gloomy and gray place where souls wander around aimlessly.
Kind of like Seattle.
The second is for the souls of heroes and the blessed dead, who went to Elysium, which
was considered a paradise.
On the other end of the spectrum from Elysium is the Pit of Tartarus, which is located in
the deepest part of the Underworld.
It also sounds like 'tartar sauce' so you know it can't be good.
It's the same place where the 12 Olympian gods held the Titans, the former rulers of
the world.
It's a miserable place that's dark and cloudy all the time.
There are even storms that sweep people up, and they can't touch the ground for at least
a year.
1.
The Egyptians
When people in ancient Egypt died, they believed that their soul, called a ba, would return
periodically to the body.
That's why they mummified the remains.
When the ba left the body, it traveled through the afterlife and had to pass through several
gates, all guarded by deities.
Once they got through the gates, the ba entered the Hall of Two Truths.
The hall is long, and supported by columns.
At the end of the hall is the god of the underworld, Osiris.
Surrounding the ba are 42 gods with names like Bone-Breaker and the Eater of Entrails.
The ba then must proclaim the sins they did not commit to the specific god.
For example, the ba has to turn to the god Fire-embracer and say, "O Fire-embracer
who came forth from Kheraha, I have not robbed."
And the ba would go on and do a specific sin for a specific god.
One of the worries for the ancient Egyptians was knowing what sin was associated with what
god.
Also, they needed to know what sins they couldn't commit.
So scrolls called the Book of the Dead were developed as a guide to the afterlife.
What's interesting is that there was no standard Book of the Dead and often variations
were quite drastic.
After getting through the Hall of Two Truths, the ba goes through another ceremony called
the "Weighing of the Heart."
The ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was a record of the deceased person's life.
The heart was put on a scale and on the other scale was the feather from the goddess Ma'at,
which was a symbol for truth and justice.
If the feather was heavier than the heart, then the person wasn't virtuous and they
were fed to Ammut the Devourer.
If the scale balanced, then they were taken to Osiris and welcomed to the afterlife called
the Field of Reeds, where they were given a plot of land that they were expected to
work.
So, you know… not quite as awesome an afterlife as Valhalla, with its open freaking bar.
-------------------------------------------
Mountains to Climb–Dieter F. Uchtdorf - Duration: 0:30.
The work of patience boils down to this: keep the commandments; -
- trust in God, our Heavenly Father.
Serve Him with meekness and Christlike love; -
- exercise faith and hope in the Savior.
And never give up!
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
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