An Giang info: Youtube daily report Aug 3 2018

hey guys it's Chelle with The Lemonade Store and today I wanted to go over just

a quick video on using ecoli paints those are the super liquidy ecoline

paints by Royal Talons and they are super fun to use when practicing your

brush lettering so the reason why I want to go over these today is because when I

started lettering at the very beginning I totally struggled with markers and I

switch to using watercolours so I would use like a watercolor brush you know the

ones that you feel like this that you feel in water and there's different

brands so I'll link below and go over as we kind of go over some of my favorite

ones and I just found it to be really soothing to use dipping in the water

color and then practicing the letters so we're gonna go over that today and then

I have had a couple of people comment about going over my studio tour and I'm

totally gonna work on that I have been when I kind of changed my whole system

I'm using these cabinets behind me that I got from Ikea and they were in my

dining room before and since I took over the dining room I just I'm just gonna

use these again but as I'm going through everything I've come to the conclusion

that I am a collector slash hoarder of all things

arts and crafts so I'm trying to kind of go through and make it a little bit

easier to show you guys what the mess of my head and how it works

so that video will be coming hopefully shortly in the meantime the lemonade

store is also gonna go over a couple of other things I just wanted to kind of

give you like a heads up right now we're focusing on lettering but I'm sure that

if you're like me and you're into tons of arts and crafts and hobbies you do

more than one thing so I actually have been crocheting since I

was 12 and I taught myself from a book I do embroidery and I've been working on

incorporating lettering and embroidery and coming up with some new ideas for

that that I want to share with you guys and I am also currently obsessed with

sewing and surging I got I have a sewing machine that I got from my earth days

and I recently purchased a serger because I've been making t-shirts that

are either too big or kind of clunky and trimming them for tank tops since it's

been so hot you know and so I'm gonna do some different types of videos it's not

just gonna be all about lettering so if there's anything that you would like to

see or that you're interested in other than that you know I'm just gonna start

I'm gonna start dumping what's in here out into the universe for you guys so

hopefully you stick around and I appreciate all the subscribers we've

gotten and all the likes you guys are seriously amazing so the people who rock

out there are totally you and I thank you and I love you for that so I

appreciate the support you guys so let's get started today with brush lettering

with Ecoline paints okay so let's go over some of the very basics about paper

so these are both kind of beginner you can find the Strathmore water color this

is cold press and so is the canton excel watercolor and the cold press has like a

texture to it it's like way more to fear and this one by Strathmore it actually

is definitely more to fear than the cancer the cancer you can get for fairly

inexpensive same with this one but this one comes with like 30 sheets and this

one's like 12 the Strathmore is like 12 sheets so I tend when I'm practicing

to lean towards this one for the lettering my brush will sometimes get

caught up get caught on the teeth of the paper a little bit more so you have to

use more liquid to make sure that you can get like a very smooth stroke so I

normally will use the Kazon it's just a great practice paper and I will

oftentimes cut it up into different sections just so that I have more room

but it's just my go-to I think and then when we're talking about paintbrushes

there's so many different options out there so today I'm just gonna go over

you've got these types that are the water brush pens that you can fill the

tanks up with water and if you're traveling or you don't really have

access to a ton of water you can actually just like once it's filled up

the barrel as you clean your brush you squeeze it and the water comes up this

has a really cool bristle I think for lettering as well so I if I'm at home

and I'm using it I'll just sort of just filling up the barrel constantly I'll

just use my my water rinse it and then and letter so so many different brands

make these type there's the Pentel Aquash there's zig the cure talkies this

one it's like a no-name but it was a tiny little travel one that I took once

on vacation and then these are those Quran Quran - I am horrible at

pronouncing names so when we do subscriber shoutouts I have a forever

like apology to you guys so those are the water brush pens there are also just

like regular watercolor brushes and I love these groom Bacher's and I tend to

go when I'm lettering for a number four or number three and I got these at my

art supply store I didn't find these at Michaels or anything another brush that

I attend to I got this one I think I got this from from Aaron Brothers was the

Princeton brushes and they made one that I've totally just found randomly that I

like for lettering it's this one-eighth inch stroke brush and it doesn't

actually come to a point but I do like that one a lot so you can just kind of

experiment and see which ones you like the best I like to do a number four or

more when I'm practicing with my Eco lines because you can get like more ink

on the on the brush so that you can keep it very liquidy and then add color so

let me explain and show you what I'm talking about so let's do a subscriber

name okay so we have upgraded to a big jar so let's do let's grab one and if

you would like your name lettered or you want to add it to the jar just leave me

a comment below thank you guys so much totally have been appreciating all of

that you guys are awesome I I'm having so much fun with this channel allora

let's try it okay so I'm gonna do let's go with some let's do like this is a

really pretty aqua color and this is number eco line number 640 and then I

usually will pair it with like something that's brighter so let's try like this

really bright green number six six five and then I'll even go and grab like

something light like this is the yellow two two six

I will usually do two or three colors it's already liquid you don't have to

premix it makes it really nice for me let's do Elora and I'm gonna use a

number for Princeton and I'm gonna go ahead and do it kind of a larger scale

so when you're watercoloring let me back up a second when you're watercoloring

it's not the same at least for me it's not I don't know how it is for everybody

else but this is what has worked for me is I'm not always holding it in the web

of my hand I am what I'm doing downstrokes because I want it I want to

lay my bristle as far as I you know get like a nice thick stroke sometimes with

watercolor you need to go up right to get that nice thin stroke so you just

know going into this this isn't the same as doing Crayolas or a brush pen it's a

little bit different so just kind of experiment and also it's not like you

only get one shot so for example if I'm gonna do let's do Laura

oops see I already messed up so you don't have to do one shot cuz you're

painting you can go back in and change it up of it

and you can draw in your letters

I always rinse in-between and then dab on a piece of paper and then I'll dip it

into the next color and I'll sometimes just drop that color in and that's

what's gonna give that really cool effect and sometimes I just leave it let

it do its own thing and I'll go back in and that's the part that I think is

super pretty so when you're painting you get to like change it up it can be like

you've learned how to do the faux calligraphy so you know where your down

strokes need to be and you get to color it in more and it's a different process

and it's super relaxing so if you're struggling at all with the markers maybe

try painting and see if that's you know a little bit more forgiving because you

can you can draw in where you want your down strokes to be

and it doesn't have to be perfect because you want it to be looking like

it's painted if you wanted it to look digital then you would use your iPad so

don't beat yourself up

and I think that's what's so cool about these eco lines is like you don't know

if it's gonna work but then you try it and you're like dude that looks cool

like look how fun that looks just dropping in some color

there's like a crazy bug outside I don't know if you guys get to hear it it's

like making a really crazy noise I should shut the window and make sure

it's not coming this way

so I really get a really get amount of liquid when I dip it in there because

that I like to go in and move it kind of around where I want the liquid to go

Oh allora so that's using a regular this is the Princeton round number four so

that's about the size you get this is a nine by twelve paper so let's try

something different so one of my favorite colors is actually

gray let's do a gray one and make sure you put the caps back on otherwise

you're gonna dump it like I did before I started filming and this is just a pink

palette that I'm using cuz sometimes if I dip too much in there it makes a mess

and this is just a cheapy IKEA table so it's okay if it kills it it's alright so

this is Alaura and you can already see the beautiful

like bleeds that happened with this paint I mean it really to me it looks so

beautiful and amazing and it looks great when you're painting like florals or

it's just it's it's very forgiving and and awesome so let's get gray and then

let's pick another aspect another name

who do we have we have

Nessa Nessa okay so we're gonna do grey and maybe like a light pink and a bright

pink let's do that and like say I I like to just I usually like to have two or

three colors to see like where I can try and do this one with the other

watercolor paper so we can see I'll just have to make sure I use thick enough a

big enough brush so I may grab that so we're gonna let this dry and then I will

show you what it looks like when it's all done and you can totally use like a

heat gun to make it dry faster but if you do that it sometimes blows the ink

and it dries gets like a weird line so usually I'll just let it air dry

but I'm doing that okay very good no that's it and I am gonna use I think

I'm gonna use this 1/8 inch stroke and I don't know if anybody else uses it but I

am I've really come to like this one so I don't even know if you can get it I

probably bought it on accident but you know it's all good so if I can find the

link I will link it below alright so FS and this is I'm using that

Strathmore it's super it's got more tooth teeth I don't know it's got more

of a texture on the top

I mean a super-pretty the texture I just sometimes you have to make sure you get

enough paint on there so that it's like a smooth like letter so I'm just putting

I'm constantly dipping it in

let's pick up some more color and

that's what I like the super dark color but when you drop in that lighter color

it seems like no matter what I've tried it always gives a really cool effect so

I'm a fan I like these at these paints I don't

think are like light fast you probably need to scan a if you want to preserve

it forever

but and what I did here was because I had all this ink already down I made it

so that I would touch the other one so that it would bleed into it so it's kind

of you see that sometimes how do they do that that's how they're doing that

thanks for watching you guys this quick video ended up being nearly 20 minutes

long sorry about that but I hope you got a lot of information so thanks for

watching and I'll see you next time bye

For more infomation >> Beginner Brush Lettering & Ecoline Watercolors Tutorial - Some Favorite Supplies & Techniques - Duration: 19:14.

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Audi A1 Sportback 1.0 TFSI ADRENALIN S-line ext. Navi Airco 17'lmv 26dkm! - Duration: 0:53.

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Travis Scott & Drake's "SICKO MODE" Explained | Song Stories - Duration: 2:41.

TIA: Travis Scott's highly anticipated third studio album 'Astroworld' finally dropped,

and the standout track so far seems to be "SICKO MODE."

TIA: Immediately after its release, it flew to No. 1 on the Genius Top Songs chart.

And considering its star-studded roster...

features from Drake, Juicy J, and Swae Lee...that's not too surprising.

TIA: The track was produced by HIT-BOY, Cubeatz, Oz, and Tay Keith, the Memphis up-and-comer

known for his recent hit "Look Alive."

TIA: The song is over five minutes long, split up into three parts, and Travis drops tons of references.

TIA: Let's take a look at a few of them.

TIA: On his first verse, Travis references Notorious B.I.G.'s song of the same name.

TIA: And while he says he's drunk off Remy Martin champagne, he makes a reference to

rapper Remy Ma and her husband Papoose.

They've been married since 2008.

TIA: 305 is Miami's area code, and Uncle Luke is a Miami rap pioneer and a member of

2 Live Crew.

TIA: Immediately after this line, we hear a sample from Luke's 1991 track, "I Wanna Rock."

TIA: ...which was also sampled in French Montana's 2012 track, "Pop That."

TIA: On this line, it sounds like Travis is making a brief a reference to Kid Cudi's

2012 track, "Dose Of Dopeness," where Cudi drops similar lines at the end of his song.

TIA: Next up on the track is Drizzy.

TIA: Given his recent beefs, many think these lines could be yet another shot from Drake

at Kanye and his Yeezy brand, which are released through Adidas.

Which does seem odd, considering Travis and Kanye are so close.

TIA: At the end of the track, Travis shouts out Kylie Jenner, the mother of their young

daughter, and her recent magazine cover.

TIA: Astroworld has been a long time coming, and "SICKO MODE" proves it was definitely

worth the wait.

TIA: I'm Tia with Genius News bringing you the meaning and the knowledge behind the music.

For more infomation >> Travis Scott & Drake's "SICKO MODE" Explained | Song Stories - Duration: 2:41.

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Magneto Pulls Tooth / Bank Scene | X-Men First Class (2011) Movie Clip - Duration: 2:26.

Possession of that gold is illegal.

I should inform the police.

Let's not play this game.

Where did you get it?

A friend.

He recommended your bank most highly.

I see.

Do you know our terms, sir?

Yes.

And you should know mine.

This gold is what remains of my people.

Melted from their possessions.

Torn from their teeth.

This is blood money.

And you're going to help me find the bastards responsible for it.

Don't touch that alarm.

I want Schmidt. Klaus Schmidt.

Where is he?

Our clients don't provide addresses. We're not...

Not that sort of bank?

Metal fillings, eh?

Not gold.

Worried someone might steal them?

Argentina! Schmidt is in Argentina!

Villa gesell! Please!

Thank you.

I would love to kill you.

So mark my words.

If you warn anyone I'm coming...

I will find you.

For more infomation >> Magneto Pulls Tooth / Bank Scene | X-Men First Class (2011) Movie Clip - Duration: 2:26.

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Galaxy Tab S4 : Two in one Android tablet and new S-Pen unveiled by Samsung ● Tech News ● #TECH - Duration: 2:29.

SAMSUNG'S Galaxy Tab S4 has just been unveiled and offers a brand new premium tablet offering.

The Samsung Galaxy Tab S4 is a two-in-one Android tablet that blends the portability

of a tablet with the capabilities of a PC.

The Tab S4 features DeX support so it can be connected to a keyboard, monitor and mouse

to offer a desktop experience.

The bundled in S Pen also offers the ability to write screen-off memos and send personalised

texts through Samsung Live Message.

Samsung also promises that the Tab S4 provides up to 16 hours of video playback and offers

"defence-grade mobile security platform".

The Samsung Galaxy Tab S4 is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 Octa Core chip and

4GB of RAM.

It comes with either 64GB or 256GB of storage that can be expanded by up to 400GB with a

microSD.

It features a single 13MP camera on the rear that offers UHD 4K video recording.

Video playback will also benefit from the Tab S4's four speakers tuned by AKG that

offer Dolby Atmos sound technology.

Samsung this "brings entertainment to life through moving audio that flows all around

you".

The Galaxy Tab S4 boasts a 7,300mAh battery with fast charging support and utilises Android

8.1.

It also features a 10.5-inch display with Super AMOLED technology as well as a 16:10

screen ratio.

Describing the Tab S4, Samsung said: "Samsung Electronics today announced the Samsung Galaxy

Tab S4, a new 2-in-1 Android tablet designed for people who want to do more on the go—from

home to the office and everywhere in between.

"The Samsung Galaxy Tab S4 delivers an experience that helps you work smarter by keeping you

operating at the highest levels.

"Paired with a polished modern design, an immersive display, four speakers and enhanced

entertainment features, the Samsung Galaxy Tab S4 is the perfect device for those who

need something portable like a tablet and capable like a PC."

For more infomation >> Galaxy Tab S4 : Two in one Android tablet and new S-Pen unveiled by Samsung ● Tech News ● #TECH - Duration: 2:29.

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Rosie O'Donnell and Broadway stars to protest outside the White House | Breaking News - Duration: 1:31.

Rosie O'Donnell and cast members from some of Broadway's biggest musicals plan to serenade President Donald Trump on Monday — but from outside the White House in protest

The group will sing "The People's Song" from "Les Miserables," Burt Bacharach's "What the World Needs Now Is Love," "A Brand New Day" from "The Wiz" and "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" from "The Sound of Music" from Lafayette Park

The performers will be current and former Broadway cast members from "Wicked," "Beautiful," "Hamilton," "Phantom of the Opera," "The King and I," "Les Miserables," "Cinderella," "Xanadu," "The Producers," "Head Over Heels" and more

The trip is organized by Seth Rudetsky and James Wesley, the host and producer of Sirius XM's "On Broadway

" It will be livestreamed on the MoveOn Facebook page.

For more infomation >> Rosie O'Donnell and Broadway stars to protest outside the White House | Breaking News - Duration: 1:31.

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Islands and Villages | Kazuyo Sejima on Inujima - Duration: 13:52.

Inujima, a tiny island on the Seto Inland Sea,

is the site of a unique kind of work

for Kazuyo Sejima.

The work is to affect small physical changes to the island

through the collaborative efforts of the residents,

visitors, artists, students and the architect together

with the aim of stirring the island towards regeneration.

It's probably not accurate to call the work "masterplanning"

in the conventional sense of the word.

It's more like directing a process of rather intuitive interactions

with the physical conditions of the island

and enacting changes by an increasing number of people beside herself.

The work has no definition yet;

it's an experiment.

Though it was initiated as a project of global art tourism,

the Inujima project might be unfolding a new possibility

for architecture or urban planning practice, she tells us.

For the first time in her career,

she feels it may be possible to find a way

for people to make changes to their own living environment

which is believed to be impossible in the city.

How did she come to get a glimpse of hope?

When I first came to the island, I couldn't walk around on my own.

This is a public place, but it's a quiet place with only the residents,

and it didn't feel right for someone from elsewhere

to just... wander around,

so at first, I came with Fukutake-san,

or contacted the person in charge and went round with them,

and for the first few months, I would call the day before

and say: "I'm arriving tomorrow,"

and they'd come with me.

So doing that for some months, many times,

I began to meet people and say hello,

until they knew that I wasn't suspicious.

So once we had a rough plan,

I contacted the islanders,

told them the structure of what we were going to do,

listened to their opinions, and that's how we started.

And so now, when artists

are making something on the island,

the islanders help out.

If they don't actually help with the work,

there is no food here, so they provide a lot of support

when people stay, things like that.

Really, more than me, the artists stay here for a month at a time,

so they make much deeper relationships,

and there are tears when they have to leave.

The small size is a unique point.

It means that we can do things ourselves.

The results are small, so everyone can understand them.

That's really interesting.

For example, if there's...

an overgrown path that needs clearing,

and the first group of people clear, say, two metres of bushes,

the next group will do a bit more, then a bit more...

If you go back six months later,

you can see how far they got

and decided to do a bit more.

Everyone can see the results, and

it's quite clear that gradually,

you are making your own environment.

I think that's interesting.

I think if that keeps going, it will be good for the island.

To begin with, I thought: "Is it worth renovating just one house?"

You know, if you're going to make

a big museum, that's one thing,

but one house, two houses... is that worth it?

What should we do? I thought they would just get buried in with the rest.

But as we worked,

I realized even if people are coming to see

the artworks, the serene nature here,

the residents working in the fields

or picking vegetables,

just walking around, they can enjoy that as well.

That's enough for this place to be. You know, little by little.

When it came to renovating old buildings,

I wondered what we could do,

and decided to mix old and new.

We searched for new materials that were a similar colour to the old ones

not to create a contrast.

but by mixing them together, maybe I could make something new out of them.

You know, the new materials have their appeal, and the old materials too,

and there's a disadvantage there,

so I thought it would be good if I could do that.

New materials are really sharp, however you try to soften them,

they stand out clearly, so together with the old

mixing them together so you can't tell which is old

and which is new, you get a different type of newness.

That's the renovation project.

When I remodel a gallery,

I always think: "If the visitors can see it being remodeled, that's not good."

You know, at a museum, they always hide it away, don't they?

But here it's outside, and on the route, at first we talked very seriously about this.

But then we thought: "Well, we can just show people the carpenters at work."

So then when it's done, when someone passes by,

and the whole place is a stage for them.

And, you know, the tourists take on the role of "passers-by ".

You can feel that

everyone is making up the landscape, so there's a balance now.

But if there is no money at all,

things won't carry on,

So somehow I'd like it to be a catalyst for thinking about sustainability in all kinds of ways.

What I think is interesting about this island is,

you often hear "blending in with the landscape,"

things like that , but making architecture here, it's probably the same as the old "villages without architects" idea,

would make a landscape.

I asked a landscape designer to come

and give us some advice,

but as we do that, it's almost as if that itself is the architecture,

so when we say, "landscape-like architecture,"

we should think a bit more about the architecture in essence.

On the other hand, doing landscape is itself architecture,

so I think maybe we can think about things more that way.

Today, what we're doing is at the beach of beach vitex , where there are

these pretty purple flowers.

At first, I thought, those flowers, and there is... what's it called?

Arrowroot everywhere too, so I thought we'd have to pull them all out.

But the landscape designer said:

"There are all these beautiful flowers of beach vitex,

"and this one is covered in arrowroot, we could make two beaches like that."

I thought "okay," so where there's something odd,

something different mixed in,

dotted in just where the pretty flowers are all in bloom,

then if we take just those out, actively make that kind of beach,

and this one an arrowroot beach, you know, like that.

And behind there is bamboo, so if we leave the bamboo

up to here, take out a bit here, doing things like that...

It's interesting, at that stage.

Normally, if it was an architectural plan,

or city planning, although I don't get asked to do that,

but as a project, for a proposal you get problems,

you try to find a way to solve them. What should we do?

To begin with up to now,

I don't know if everyone thinks the same way but,

we are, architecture is usually, you make a framework.

"What can be achieved here?

"How do we go beyond the framework?" And so on.

I worked like that, but I'm not sure exactly what we're doing on Inujima Island.

Either way, it's kind of attractive,

so maybe let's do some renovation; yes, renovation...

Should we make it new? I don't know. But as you do it,

you realize: "Okay, so next we should do this,"

and like that,

the things you do gradually increase, you know?

Rather than concentrating on

solving this problem, have a go, and try this and that,

and slowly, what you should do and what you can do, what would be fun to do

gets broader and clearer.

You see, in architecture, I always thought our work

is about dealing with spaces more than other professions, but...

I never thought you could actually make your own environment for yourself.

On Inujima, the answer doesn't come immediately,

but I realized that maybe, in the city, too, if you do

a little bit of this, here, and so on like that,

you really should be able to do those things around yourself.

For example, looking at the young people now,

they are really passionate about finding ways

to make their lifestyles fun and interesting, right?

So if you got, say, a hundred of them together

and said: "let's do what we want with this area of Chiyoda Ward in Tokyo,"

I think you could create a really interesting time and space.

But we don't know how to start that.

Everyone is interested in the interior of their own home,

but you never think of doing the same to make the town

the way you would like it. I didn't think of that either.

But doing Inujima, at first, I thought we could do it

because it's so little... It's little, so it's easy to grasp; the goals and satisfaction

are very simple to understand.

so really doing this project, the more we do it,

the more I think the places we live in, not only

sustainability or energy problems, but I've come to think we really should

be able to get involved in all kinds of different ways.

Well, in the end, I want to think about

different ways of life, getting along with all kinds of different people,

can you still feel each other when you are apart... Those kinds of things.

In that way, as situations change more and more,

in what ways...

can we collaborate with each other?

I want to think about that, in new ways.

In the modern age, we sort of knew that if you do things this way , we can all get by.

That was then, but now, all kinds of things are changing,

and all kinds of media are developing, so

different kinds of relationships are made.

Architecture is a job that deals with thinking through space,

so if I could make places that allow a quite concrete way

of building different relationships and ways of thinking, that would be good, I think.

For more infomation >> Islands and Villages | Kazuyo Sejima on Inujima - Duration: 13:52.

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Renault Clio Energy TCe 90pk S&S Zen / NAVI / PDC / AIRCO! - Duration: 1:08.

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"Death of a Nation" opens in theaters nationwide today - Duration: 1:14.

D'Souza: Hi, I'm Dinesh D'Souza, and I'm very excited to say that

my new film, "Death of a Nation," is out in theaters today!

It's in over 1,000 theaters across the country.

This is an explosive, interesting, moving, and inspiring film.

It basically destroys the Left's race card and their fascism card.

"Trump is a racist," "Trump is a fascist," "The Republicans are the party of racism."

All of this nonsense has been with us since the election,

it's about time to confront it head on, and that's what this movie does with

amazing historical recreations with an analysis and revelations about

the present. It's really important that you see this movie opening weekend.

Why? Because if we do well opening weekend, our movie will expand and

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not by waiting, not by seeing it later, but by seeing it now.

Please take your friends and family. The way to get tickets, it's very easy:

tickets.deathofanationmovie.com

I'll see you this weekend at the movies.

For more infomation >> "Death of a Nation" opens in theaters nationwide today - Duration: 1:14.

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What Happens If You Fuse All Your Chromosomes? | SciShow News - Duration: 5:06.

[♪ INTRO ]

23 pairs.

With just those two words, you probably already know what I'm talking about: chromosomes,

the tightly-wound packets of DNA and protein that together make up our genomes.

And not just any chromosomes, but the number of chromosomes in most humans.

But have you ever thought about why it's 23?

There's a whole range of numbers of chromosomes different species can have.

And scientists have been puzzling over the possible advantages of having more of them for a while.

Weirdly, this number that most of us have memorized may not be as integral as we thought.

Because in papers published in the journal Nature this week, two separate groups of biologists

reported fusing entire sets of chromosomes together, reducing the count down to just one or two.

And, kind of shockingly, things mostly went okay.

Before you start freaking out, this experiment wasn't done in humans.

Instead, the researchers worked with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a fungus better known as Baker's

or Brewer's yeast, since it's the species we use to make bread and beer.

This yeast normally has 16 chromosomes.

But thanks to genetic engineering technologies, including CRISPR, the scientists were able

to progressively stitch together more and more chromosomes.

That required taking out two structural components of the chromosomes:

centromeres, short DNA sequences roughly in the middle of each chromosome where they attach

to each other during cell division;

and telomeres, the repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes that help keep them intact.

You only want one centromere and two telomeres per chromosome, so both groups hacked away

at all the extras, and took slightly different approaches to the fusion part.

One team from China was able to pack all 16 into one single, giant chromosome, while an

American team got it down to just two big chromosomes.

Importantly, the researchers made very few changes to the overall DNA sequence, so any

observed differences are almost certainly a result of messing with the chromosomal structure.

It's actually the first time biologists have ever been able to whittle the chromosome

number down to one in any eukaryote which are organisms like us, whose chromosomes are

stored in a special nucleus compartment in their cells.

So, what happened after this radical change?

At first glance, not much.

No word on what they tasted like compared to the strains we use for bread and beer,

but the chromosome-tinkered strains of yeast looked very much like their normal counterpart in size and shape.

They also went through cell division normally, and it could grow under a variety of conditions.

Yeast geneticists like to test out different nutrients and conditions to see if strains are lacking in certain areas.

And except for slightly slower growth and higher susceptibility to an antifungal compound,

the fewer-chromosome strains did pretty well.

Now, let's pause here for a second, because this alone is kind of astounding.

Scientists can totally rearrange how an organism packages its DNA at a fundamental level, and

at least for yeast, it's totally viable.

Even more shocking to the scientists was that the modified yeasts hadn't really changed

the types of genes that get turned on or off.

Both groups found very few changes compared to regular yeast.

In fact, in the single-chromosome yeast, just 28 genes had substantially changed expression.

That's less than half a percent of all the protein-coding genes!

This is pretty surprising because biologists have long known that the 3D structure of chromosomes

can affect the types of genes that are expressed, and ultimately which proteins are made.

In this case, basically all of the interactions between chromosomes had been obliterated.

But a good chunk of the interactions within the chromosomes remained intact, and those

at the gene level were largely preserved.

This seems to have been enough to keep the yeasts doing their regular thing.

Still, it's not all rainbows and butterflies for the giant chromosome yeasts.

Both teams observed reproductive and fitness deficits.

When grown together with 16-chromosome yeast, the altered yeasts grew more slowly, and in

the case of the single chromosome, was quickly out-competed.

The single-chromosome yeast could successfully mate with itself, but those daughter cells

were slower-growing and occasionally had trouble maintaining the correct chromosome number.

The daughter cells also produced fewer sex cells, and had trouble reproducing.

These differences begin to explain why having a larger number of smaller chromosomes might be a good thing.

For one thing, it might be hard for cells to properly replicate such abnormally large

chromosomes, and then pull the two copies apart correctly.

More chromosomes might also offer more flexibility that could prove useful in the course of evolution.

If you have more chromosomes, it's a little easier to drop one or gain one, which might

give you a better ability to adapt to things like changes in your environment.

Of course, a major change to your genome like that might also be really bad.

It's a bit of a trade-off.

But in the long run, this versatility could provide an evolutionary advantage.

We don't know the exact reasons, but this species of yeast has had 16 chromosomes for

some 10-20 million years.

So something is definitely working.

At the same time, it's now clear that while 16 is the magic number, it's not absolutely critical.

And the same might even be true for us.

Although, it would probably be harder to fuse chromosomes this way in more complex organisms.

That's because they tend to have more complicated DNA sequences around centromeres and telomeres.

So for all we know, we might not be very different if all our chromosomes were fused into one giant one.

But we probably have a little bit more research to do before we can make that happen.

Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow News, and thanks to all of our patrons on

Patreon who help us make videos about amazingly weird science like this every day of the week.

If you wanna support SciShow and get access to cool rewards like our patrons-only questions

inbox, you can check us out at patreon.com/scishow.

[♪ OUTRO ]

For more infomation >> What Happens If You Fuse All Your Chromosomes? | SciShow News - Duration: 5:06.

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