So what then should a code of ethics be?
What should it do?
Well of course we have to have an ethical approach to what we do, but we equally don't
want to put up prohibitive barriers that actually stop us doing the work that we want to do,
stop us doing sensible learning analytics.
So an ethics code needs to be a living, breathing document; something that is evolving all the
time.
Jisc put in place a code of practice at a very early stage of our journey in learning
analytics, but it is a living document, subject to amendments, something that we need to reinterpret
as our practice develops.
So what then are the major headings, the major subject areas that should be in a code of
practice?
So firstly responsibility.
Learning analytics collects sources of data from a wide range of departments within a
complex organisation like a university and a college.
People involved range from people who are at the rock face of collecting data, through
to people who analyse that data, record it and pass it on.
So a first key area for any code of ethics is to be very clear and transparent about
where that responsibility lies.
The code of ethics needs to identify who is responsible, define the extent of that responsibility,
and be quite clear and unambiguous about it, so that that responsibility can be mapped
on to a particular person's job responsibilities and professional obligations.
Transparency.
Well transparency is about openness and honesty.
We expect transparency in any public organisation or in any organisation that holds information
about us.
So transparency is about being very clear and open about what we're doing, so the person
that ultimately owns the data is very clear about where it's being used and where it's
going.
So a code of ethics should define what that means in terms of an institution.
How much are we making people aware of what we're doing, aware of our responsibilities,
aware of our obligations and their rights?
Consent.
Consent is getting more complicated.
So informed consent is essential for many legal processes in terms of data protection,
and is also generally accepted as an ethical thing to do.
So, in other words, we have to make sure that the students from whom we're collecting the
information have given a form of consent.
But consent is getting more and more legally complicated because there is a recognition
that consent is also about power.
So, for example, you can't really say that a person has given unconstrained consent if
a condition for them joining the university in the first place is they tick the box to
surrender their data.
So this is an area that's quite volatile and under consideration.
So we would expect a code of ethics translated into practice to certainly mention informed
consent.
But this is one of those areas that's alive and changing and we need to make sure that
we're on top of those changes as they develop.
Privacy.
Everybody has a right to privacy.
Now privacy here, when we're considering ethics and practice, needs to be differentiated from
de-identification.
So de-identification is really important when it comes to releasing personal information
to different levels within an organisation.
But de-identification is not in itself a substitute for privacy.
So when a student necessarily releases their personal data to their teacher, for example,
who has to have access to their individual sets of data, that teacher has a significant
number of privacy responsibilities in terms of both ethics and practice.
A lot of data is sensitive.
So, for example, a teacher might need to know about a person's disabilities.
But that right to know doesn't extend their right to share that information without consent
to others.
People need to be sensitive to that.
People need to be sensitive to the political environment on key indicators of identity,
for example, that can compromise a person in the world.
So if we're not ever mindful of privacy, we are likely to violate the trust that we have
with an individual, which is essential for learning analytics.
Validity.
Validity is about a cluster of issues.
It obviously includes accuracy; we want our information to be accurate.
Inaccurate information is simply wrong.
But it's more than just accuracy.
It's about recognising the danger of gaps in the data set, for example, which might
have implications.
It's about recognising that inappropriate correlations can be made that imply a cause-effect
relationship.
If those get into a system, then the learning analytics system lacks validity and we come
to false conclusions.
So validity extends the concept of accuracy into the process of analysis and the process
of reporting.
The reason why it's an ethical concern, that underlines a code of practice, is that invalid
data can have very severe consequences.
Very clearly an invalid data record can have very serious consequences for an individual
student.
If the mark is incorrect, the student can fail the degree.
So there's obviously a key interest in validity there.
But validity also extends to the public implications that we draw from information.
So at the opposite end of the spectrum, if we take something like the Teaching Excellence
Framework, for example, that depends on the validity of the data sets that originate in
individual institutions.
If those aren't valid then the public is going to draw quite wrong conclusions about the
implications of the relative value of different institutions, and potential students might
make inappropriate choices in what are some of the most important investments in their
lives.
So validity goes to the heart of the trust that we can expect in the system and the value
of that system both to individuals, organisations, but also to society at large.
Access.
Now remember that learning analytics depends on individual students surrendering their
rights over their personal information, and shifts the responsibility onto the organisation
to use that information appropriately.
So it follows from this that individual students have a right of access to how we're using
that data and the way that we're interpreting it.
And a code of ethics translated into a code of practice must allow for appropriate access.
It doesn't from this follow that a student will have access to everything that an organisation
knows about them or deduces about them.
For example, if the outcome of the analysis might be harmful for the student, the institution
might have a reason not to tell the student that that is their conclusion.
But the code of ethics must translate into practices that allow that to be done on an
everyday basis in a consistent, fair and reasonable manner.
Positive interventions.
Now remember that the key purpose of learning analytics is to improve the student experience
and to improve the learning environment; that word improvement runs through everything that
we do.
So it's ethical to expect that the application of learning analytics will lead to positive
outcomes.
Ethics, and the code of practice that follows from this, needs to ensure that we understand
what those are, and also that it defines what form those interventions will take, as we
move forward.
That will depend on the individual institution.
So the code of ethics will set that out in broad terms, but the individual institution
needs to define what form of interventions it's envisaging, how it's going to put them
in practice, and how always, those are going to lead to positive outcomes that are appropriate
to the mission of that institution in particular.
In turn, positive interventions depend on appropriate resourcing.
So you can't institute a programme of learning analytics, make promises to your students
and make promises to your staff, and then find that you have inadequate resources to
carry out those interventions.
Not only is that betrayal of trust, it's unethical, because promises have been made that can't
be met.
This is why it's essential that the decision to implement learning analytics is made at
the highest level of the institution, to ensure that appropriate resources are put behind
the interventions that will follow.
Don't promise students interventions based on their analytic results, that then as an
institution you can't meet.
Avoiding adverse impact.
This is a really important part of ethical practice that needs to be translated into
the way we behave, our codes of practice.
Clearly monitoring something always runs the risk of the intervention affecting the behaviour,
and whenever we're thinking about how we use learning analytics we've got to be very careful
that people don't respond by trying to game the system, or that we don't induce adverse
behaviour in people by the process of monitoring and reporting that we put in place.
This must be defined in terms of the particular level and the particular application of learning
analytics.
So, for example, if for our educators, our teachers, we set job performance goals that
require very, very specific outcomes, we mustn't create a situation where the use of learning
analytics distorts the value of the teaching simply to achieve the monitored outcomes.
At the organisational level where we have national indicators, for example, such as
the Teaching Excellence Framework, we need to avoid the tendency of institutions to drive
their whole policies towards achieving better scores on these sorts of narrow outcomes.
Now this is a very familiar problem across all aspects of education, whether we're talking
about the way we measure performance in primary schools, or the way that we measure performance
in universities.
And that difficulty, which we're well aware of, goes back into the heart of learning analytics,
and is why it has such an important part to play in a code of practice.
Stewardship is a really important part of any data driven organisation.
It also relates to data literacy.
It also relates to the whole concept of a data culture within in an institution.
Stewardship is our responsibility as the custodians of data.
It may not have originated with us.
It may not belong to us, but when we hold it we have a clear set of responsibilities
for it which extend to making sure that it is used appropriately, making sure it's accurate
and valid, making sure that it is not passed on inappropriately to third parties but equally
making sure that when necessary it is deleted or destroyed.
And those stewardship rules need to be very clearly set out within the code of ethics
and the code of practice.
There's naturally a tendency to think that data is owned or the responsibility of somebody
else, maybe somebody in the IT department or someone in the Registrar's department.
What data stewardship tells us is in our complicated organisations such as colleges and universities,
very many people are data stewards and we need to set out very clearly the ways in which
they should fulfil those responsibilities.
Overall, codes of ethical practice should be living, breathing documents that make sense
in the world.
They should be things that we think about that are sensible.
They shouldn't be prescriptive documents that stop us doing things.
They shouldn't be rules and they shouldn't be regulations.
We want an environment where we're free to innovate, where we're free to put in place
new systems, where we're free to do things that improve the quality of learning.
That's why it's so important that an ethical code is something that is actively discussed,
actively worked on, actively changed to changing circumstances.
At the end of the day it's a document that keeps us honest, keeps us on focus, keeps
us directed towards our primary purposes of doing good.
For more infomation >> Jisc Learning Analytics: The Jisc code of practice for learning analytics - Duration: 13:31.-------------------------------------------
Opel Corsa - Duration: 1:06.
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Honda Jazz Elegance 1.4 i-VTEC CVT/Rijklaarprijs/ - Duration: 1:01.
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Auto Read Authors | Monthly Recommendations - Duration: 7:22.
Hey guys it's Trina and this is my monthly recommendations video for July.
Monthly recommendations is a Goodreads group created by Kayla Rayne and myself
where every month we have a topic and anyone in the book community can join in
and recommend their favorite books that fit that topic. This month our topic is
auto read authors. It can also be interpreted as auto buy authors but me
personally, I get most of my books from the library so I'm not actually buying every
single thing from these authors even though I will read them. I think this
first author is one that a lot of you guys can guess. That is Mindy McGinnis.
She has 5 books out so far. I have read all 5 of them. I own all 5 of them. And
her sixth book is coming out this fall. I'm already super excited about it. I
do have video reviews on my channel of every single one of these books so if
you want to hear more about these books or my thoughts on them specifically you
can definitely refer to those reviews. But I just really love Mindy's writing
style and I mean I loved it from the start. I started with her first, debut
novel Not A Drop To Drink the year or a few months after it came
out and I just loved the gritty style and she has tackled so many different
types of genres and she brings that grittiness and that rawness and darkness
to all of her books. I really enjoy her writing. This is like my number one
author that I am a fangirl of so definitely you know she was going to be
on this list. The next author on my list I've read everything by so far and would
love to read more of is Rainbow Rowell. She does have five books published but I
only own these two but I have read all 5 of them.
She writes mostly contemporary and romances with the exception of Carry On,
which was kind of her take on fan fiction or fantasy. I have not loved
every single one of her books that I've read but I do enjoy her style and her
characters and stuff so whatever her next book is going to be I am planning
on picking it up if for nothing else other than it's been a really long time
since she's released a new book and I just would be really curious in if I
still am enjoying this author. But so far Rainbow Rowell has definitely been an
auto read author for me. Next is a guilty pleasure author in my opinion and that
is Sara Shepard. I do really enjoy Sara Shepard's mysteries. I have read almost
all of her books, I read all but two. The first two books she ever wrote are just
a little bit older and I don't know exactly how I would like the topics that
they are about but all of her like YA mystery series - Pretty Little Liars, The Lying Game,
The Perfectionists, The Amateurs, which is a new one, and she wrote The Heiresses,
which was an adult mystery - I read them all.
I don't always love everything that she does and how she incorporates certain
aspects into her books but this is an author that I have found that I enjoy
her mystery writing and like the suspense and I can always get through her books
pretty quickly. So there is something about her writing that I am enjoying
enough to keep reading what she's writing. This is her current work so like
she has the sequel to this one coming out this year and I really did enjoy
this first book so I do want to read the sequel. So I've read most of her previous
work and I'm looking forward to her upcoming work so she's not one of my
absolute favorite authors but I've read so much by her and you know I'm not
going to stop just reading her books because I do like her mysteries, they're
easy and quick to get through, and yeah I would consider her an auto read author.
Another guilty-pleasure author along those same lines that I have read
everything by is Kiera Cass. She's written the five books in The Selection
series and then she has the book The Siren, which is a standalone and Kiera
Cass is an author that I know I can go to if I'm just wanting something fluffy
and easy to get through. That's her thing and sometimes you need books like that. I
could do without these two but there's something about her writing that works
for me when I'm in the mood for these types of books. Now that The Selection
series is finally over I'm really curious in what she would write next. I
would like to see different genres from her, different topics and stuff, so she's
a writer that has fulfilled like that certain reading mood that I've been in
with her fluffy books and I'm very interested in seeing what she's going to
write next. Jessica Spotswood is another author that I will consider to be an
auto read author for me. Now, I'm putting her on this list although I have
only read her first three books, The Cahill Witch Chronicles trilogy. When I
read this series I loved it. I was like well this is an author that I really
want to watch out for, I want to read more by her, and then last year she came
out with Wild Swans and the A Tyranny of Petticoats anthology and I was so here
for them. I was so anticipating these books and I got them and I have not picked
them up yet. So I haven't actually read everything by her but this is still an
author that it's like I'm going to read these books, I'm looking forward to the
next thing that she publishes too, like I just do like her writing and I plan to
read all of her books so I would put her on this list. The same is true for Becky
Albertalli. I have only read her first book, Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda.
I have not yet gotten to The Upside of Unrequited but I am so stoked to read
this. It is one of my most anticipated books of this year. After reading Simon I knew
I was going to love Becky Albertalli as an author and knowing the topic of what
Upside is about I just know that I'm going to enjoy this book and I want to
keep supporting her so I'm always excited for a new Albertalli book and I
would definitely say she is an auto read author even though she's only got a
couple books out so far. And this brings me to debut authors who only have one book
out so far but I'm very excited for their next books and know that the next
books they already have announced and planned are going to be auto read books
for me. So the first of those authors is Angie Thomas. She wrote The Hate U Give.
This was her debut novel, just came out earlier this year, and the writing in
this book I was such a fan of it. I definitely need to read more by Angie
Thomas. I know that she's got her next book announced, I will definitely be
reading it. So even though it's early and she's only got one book out I want to
call it, Angie Thomas is going to be an auto read
author for me, at least as of now. That is the same situation with Sandhya Menon who
wrote When Dimple Met Rishi. This book just came out, she has two future books
already announced in the same genre as When Dimple Met Rishi and one of those
books actually follows a side character from this book, so just knowing what
those books are about and that I liked her writing in this genre I definitely
want to see more by this author. And another debut author that is currently
in my auto read status who I actually don't own her first book, but it is S. M.
Parker who wrote The Girl Who Fell. It came out last year and that book tackled
an abusive relationship and her next book is not tackling that at all but I
just - that book was so powerful to me it made me a fan of that
author and her writing and like what she was doing and ever since I read that
book I was like whatever this author writes next I'm going to read it. The
Rattled Bones actually comes out in August so I don't have to wait too much
longer for it! I've been looking forward to it for like over a year but it's going
to be a YA mystery and I'm definitely looking forward to just more of this
author in a different genre and just seeing more of her writing and how I
like it too. So as of right now these debut authors are auto read status
for me even though they've only got one book out. I'd love to hear what some of
your auto read or auto-buy authors are. Were any that were on my list also on your
list? I'd love to hear that from you guys. Thank you guys so much for watching and
I will see you in the comments. Bye!
[music only]
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Peugeot 208 Active 1.0 Vti 68 PK 5-DEURS | LAGE KILOMETERSTAND - Duration: 1:00.
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ISIS coward Sally Jones blocked from returning to Britain – by executioner SON, 12 - Duration: 2:14.
ISIS coward Sally Jones blocked from returning to Britain – by executioner SON, 12
Sally Jones friend The mum-of-two joined the disgraced jihadis to marry another Brit, Junaid Hussain. But her son who the pair snuck into Syria is now refusing to leave, even after Hussain was killed in an airstrike in 2015.
Jo-Jo, 12, is believed to have been forced by the vile Jones to take part in the execution of prisoners. BRAINWASHED: Sally Jones son is stopping her fleeing the terror group.
A pal of Jones revealed to the Sun: "Jo-Jo was just an ordinary kid when she took him away from his home in Kent.
"She ruined all of that by fleeing with him." A jihadi wife has told of life in Raqqa under the disgusting jihadis, after living with Manchester terror twins Salma and Zahra Halane.
LITTLE BRITAIN: Brit jihadis live in their own communities.
Islam Mitat, 23, revealed that Jones and her son, who is now known as Hamza, would pop round their house for tea. All British jihadi brides had their own community, dubbed "Little Britain", where they kept to themselves.
Mitat added: "They all know each other. They all talk on their mobiles.".
CUBS: JoJo is believed to be in the group of executioners. She also claimed that the Brit jihadis would get together and celebrate terror attacks, adding: "They looked happy about it.
" Islam managed to escape the vile regime after her husband was killed, and is now living in a safe house in Syria.
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Moment doomed plane explodes into fireball in nightmare MOTORWAY smash - Duration: 1:47.
Moment doomed plane explodes into fireball in nightmare MOTORWAY smash
The shock video captures the moment a passenger plane smashed into a motorway and exploded – leaving a trail of fire in its wake.
California's John Warne airport released the horrifying footage after the light aircraft lost power on June 30. Pilot Francis Pisano, 62, realised his aircraft's engine was beginning to fail and tried to circle back to the airport to land.
DISASTER: Horror footage captured the moments a plane carrying passengers crashed and burned. But the panicked pilot could not guide his Cessna plane around in time and it dived horrifically towards the ground.
Terrified motorists desperately swerved to try and avoid the plane as it came down on to the 405 Freeway – but one lorry was hit and spun crazily out of control. Both the pilot and his passenger miraculously survived.
At least four vehicles were damaged in the nightmare crash – but thankfully nobody was seriously injured. Both Mr Pisano and his 55-year-old wife Jana both suffered spine damage.
"The fact a plane can crash-land on the freeway and only strike one vehicle is extraordinary," Orange County Fire Authority Captain Larry Kurtz told the LA Times.
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Peugeot 208 5-deurs Active 1.6 BlueHDi 100 PK |LAGE KILOMETERSTAND| - Duration: 0:59.
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Ultime notizie: Gossip Albano, Romina Power e Loredana Lecciso: la clamorosa decisione | K.N.B.T - Duration: 2:29.
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Opel Astra Wagon 1.7 CDTI ENJOY - Duration: 0:59.
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Kirin J Callinan Bares All - The Feed - Duration: 8:53.
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Maps mmd - Duration: 2:59.
I miss the taste of the sweeter life I miss the conversation
I'm searching for a song tonight I'm changing all of the stations
I like to think that we had it all We drew a map to a better place
But on that road I took a fall Oh baby, why did you run away?
I was there for you in your darkest times I was there for you in your darkest nights
But I wonder where were you When I was at my worst down on my knees
And you said you'd have my back So I wonder where were you
When all the roads you took came back to me
So I'm following the map that leads to you The map that leads to you
Ain't nothing I can do The map that leads to you
Following, following, following to you
The map that leads to you And nothing I can do
The map that leads to you Following, following, following
I hear your voice in my sleep at night Hard to resist temptation
'Cause something strange has come over me And now I can't get over you
No, I just can't get over you
I was there for you in your darkest times I was there for you in your darkest nights
But I wonder where were you When I was at my worst down on my knees
And you said you'd have my back So I wonder where were you
All the roads you took came back to me
So I'm following the map that leads to you The map that leads to you
Ain't nothing I can do The map that leads to you
Following, following, following to you
The map that leads to you And nothing I can do The map that leads to you
Following, following, following
Oh, I was there for you Oh, in you darkest times Oh, I was there for you Oh, in your darkest nights
But I wonder where were you When I was at my worst down on my knees
And you said you'd have my back So I wonder where were you All the roads you took came back to me
So I'm following the map that leads to you The map that leads to you
Ain't nothing I can do The map that leads to you Following, following, following to you
The map that leads to you Ain't nothing I can do
The map that leads to you Following, following, following
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💥Mon PIRE jeu 💥 Bonus 2000 abos ! - Duration: 4:06.
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"Just Too Young & Angry To Perhaps Make Real Change" (Guest Vlogger Miriam K) - Duration: 4:26.
Hi, my name is Miriam, and this is the vlog created for The Sydney Feminists.
I'm....
from Sweden, but I think maybe my story can be relatable to you wherever you're from.
I am a feminist, and I was in a feminist
separatist group in Sweden around
2001, 2002
And we were about a dozen
feminists, most of us
educated
with.... we read gender studies and such at university level and
We grew tired or frustrated just reading about
inequalities between women and men and
We wanted to do something about it
so we formed this activist group just for women and
We didn't think of this separatism as a problem
We didn't ask ourselves, 'So who who's a woman?'.... 'who belongs in our group?'
For us it was very simple you either were a woman or you weren't
Many of us were gay and some of us were queer
But we all considered ourselves
women and
Today, I think we would have to think more about the issue of Gender and about who belongs in a female
separatist environment
but maybe if we think about
horrible crimes that are committed to
women on a global scale
Crimes committed to them just for being women and
I think it's
necessary to call a woman, a woman,
To be able to shed light on these issues
and
maybe none of us are free until all of us are free ...
and I think we need separatism as a contemporary
solution not a goal
but a contemporary solution to create safe spaces for women.
...I would say that we used violence as a way to liberation....a sort of 'smash the patriarchy'
kind of thinking and
As long as we only used violence on objects
(Cars that belonged to sex buyers for instance), I was fine with that
...but what went wrong, I think was that we at our meetings would build up a sense of anger and
entitlement and
self-righteousness
That got out of hand eventually
One of us would go out and just beat up men for only that reason: they were men and therefore
guilty and
I admit
I I took pleasure in the idea that men should suffer as
Women had suffered through history, a sort of Poetic justice
Today I can easily call myself a pacifist. I hate violence....
...and even though things got out of hand and we were just too young and angry to perhaps make real change
Instead of just doing things that made ourselves feel good
I think of that time and I think about what we stood up for and
That's still important today, and that of course is sisterhood
Justice, equality and
more sisterhood.
Bye.
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TOP 10 - První světová válka | šokující fakta - Duration: 4:08.
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