Hi I am Ersillia Menesini, a professor
of the developmental psychology at the
University of Florence and I am an
expert on bullying and anti bullying
interventions. I have been working for
almost 20, 30 years on this area of
bullying and more recently cyber
bullying and a main concern of my
research has been focused specifically
on developing and evaluating
intervention that can be effective in
schools context against bullying and
cyber bullying
Okay, peer support is an intervention
model that is based on the
potential that a peer can help other
peers in a more easy way, but is also
a structured model and that needs to be
structured and organized and normally
it's a group of peers or a group of
students that volunteerly that can help
other kids. The peer support is a model
based on the fact that a group of peer
can help a similar person in the group or
can take the initiative and can be
trained and can be to some regards
have the competence to help other
peers in the group. It's a ... it's often
defined as an umbrella term because it
can include several types of
intervention. We normally include
peer education, peer education it's a
model where some peer can educate, teach
and help other kids and then we have
peer support which is mainly focused
on the idea that peers can help,
listen and try to solve the
problem with the other kids and we
also have peer mediation
it is another approach especially
in the case of conflict, aggressive
behavior and bullying that often that
has been used and this is the idea that
some peer can try to promote a culture
of peace and a culture of living
together and can in some cases also
mediate or try to negotiate
some conflict among some people or among
some peers in the class. So you may change
the name in relation to the different
level of ages that you involve and also
to the different topic that they address
or the different area where they address
and that more generally we can call
these peer-led scheme or peer-led models
because all of them are for sure sharing
a peer-to-peer support and intervention model.
We started to use peer support in
peer-led scheme within the anti
bullying intervention that we are
working on as a scholar in the area of
bullying and cyber bullying we were
mainly concerned on evaluating the
efficacy of a peer support model to
prevent bullying and cyber bullying but
of course peer support and peer-led
schemes are used in several other
areas of intervention to promote health
and to promote a positive climate in
schools, for instance
the relevant use was
originally related to health promotion
for instance so to prevent drug use, to
prevent other health problems or risks
that kids can can take and the idea is
that if you promote a way to make it
work together and talk together about
their problems they are often more able
to change and persuade the other kids in
their habits or in their behavior, so in
terms of behavioral changes often
students, if I, if they are prepared, they can
be more able to convince the other kids in their changes or in adopting a new
behavior or a positive behavior and more
protective behavior the other point is
that even if in the case of support
often kids ask help to the other kids
it's easier if you make a survey or a
questionnaire and you ask for instance
in the case of bullying: "Do you
speak with someone else about your
problem as a victim?" they more often
say that they often ask for help to the
other friends or to the other peers
more often than to the adults and so
the peers can be a target for request
of help and if they are prepared can
also deliver support and really try to
help the victims. So I think that peers
connect the potential to change the
situation. What I want to say with our
model is that we cannot delegate.They
have the potential but they have to be
supported and probably evaluated for
their work, their efforts by the adults and by
a school policy that is really committed
and willing to change the situation,
willing to have an anti-bullying policy
in the school.This is an important
reward and an important framework for the peer support team.
Why is peer support relevant for an
anti-bullying project? I think one of
the reasons for which we decided to use
peer support in Italy for instance for
anti bullying intervention is related to
the nature of bullying, bullying is not
simply a problem concerning the bullies
and the victims, but it is a group
problem and often a large part of
bystanders or other students can be
involved often they see and they don't
do anything to intervene and to change
the situation. This is what we normally
call it as 'silent majority'.
It's the silent majority that often can
bystand, can see the problem and don't
do anything to change the situation,
so if bullying and cyber bullying are
mainly a group process or a group
problem you cannot address simply
intervening with the main protagonist,
the bullies and the victims. You have to
change to some regards the culture and
the norms in the group, so you need to
work with the group as an entire
entity and peer support can really
mobilize the bystanders and can change
the culture and the norms in the group.
I have to say that we have been working
a lot on the efficacy of intervention
because as a group of researchers we are
highly committed on evaluation of
efficiency and effectiveness of
intervention and so we have
evaluated the 'No trap! scheme', our
peer support model, for several years and
for instance we found that it is very
effective and can decrease the
level of bullying and victimization in a
significant way. We have a decrease for
instance in a randomized control trial
you can see here in a randomized control
trial we had a decrease of about 20%
for bullying and victimization
and a decrease of about almost 30%
for cyber bullying and cyber
victimization in this experimental trial
and what is more important is that the
facts were stable after 6 months. So
this is also very important in my view
and another aspect that we found in
terms of results was that the decrease
of cyber victimization was highly
relevant in order to decrease the level
of anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation
that you might find in the
victims so the idea is that it was
effective able to reduce the level of
negative behavior in the class. This
effect were also relevant and remain
after 6 months and through the
reduction of cyber victimization the
victims were feeling much better as
compared to the situation where they, the
level of victimization was not to reduce.
This is very important because as
you know, often bullying and cyber
victimization can be highly risky for
some kids and especially the new
technology can be really destroying the
life of the victims and some of them feel
so sad, so alone, so miserable that often
they think that the only way to escape
the situation is to commit suicide.
We had unfortunately several cases of
suicide in Italy too and I think that
the idea that through peer support
schemes and through a model that can
enhance the level of support among kids,
you can reduce the level of suffering of
the victims is really important.
Of course I'm aware as a scholar in the
area as a professor that has been
working a lot on peer support and peer
models and peer-led models, that there
are risks.You need to work in the peer
support model involving as much as
you can the school and the adults. This
is very important in my view, because
peer support models do not mean that you
delegate all the work to the kids, to the
students, but the schools should be
involved a lot. So it's very important
that the peer support model should
be placed within a framework, within a
context of a whole school policy.
Yes, a whole school policy or approach.
So you give the students the power and
the lead to work with the other kids and
to change the situation but within a
framework that is also highly supported
and highly connected with the adults'
efforts and aims to change the situation.
This is very important, I think, because
otherwise, it's simply a way for
adults to delegate to the students and
not another way to really change the situation.
I think my advice, my main advice
for educators and so for professionals,
for adults, is if you want to start
with a peer support scheme or
intervention, first of all you have to
involve the students but not simply
delegate so my suggestion is that in
whatever context you are working, it can
be the schools, it can be after-school
activities, it can be like sporting teams or
maybe some other leisure or recreational
groups. If you want to start with a peer
support model, you need to involve the
students you need to involve the young
people themselves but you need not to
delegate to them the work. For adults,
it's not simply a way to delegate, it's a way
to choose the best and the most
promising intervention for your kids, for
your students. So the idea is that I will
involve students, I need to launch the
project, to involve them, to make them
being committed with the project.
I need also to select a group of them in
order to start the peer support model
and this has to be trained. So another
aspect, another advice is prepare a
good training for the peer supporters
and the peer educators and the third
advice is supervise them continuously
along the intervention. So I have that
3 advices. First, adults should be
committed and should be involved in the
project.Even if they are just the authors,
they don't play a role on the stage, they
are the authors, but they should be there
and to some regards manage and supervise
every step of the projec.So they
should launch and be committed, they
should prepare the training
to have good supporters and good peer
educators, they have to supervise the
peer educators because they need help
and they need to be supported, for
instance, if they receive every quest of help
that is high demanding they need to
refer to the adults, they need to have on the
backstage the adults that can help
them and can help to provide the best
resources that they have for these kids or
for this situation and so they need to
supervise.And lastly, but not least, I think
an important aspect is also that in a
model that is a good model it also to
provide some kind of turn in the role of
peer supporters so the idea that you
have a model where now you have a group
of peers that can be the peer supporters
at the beginning but then after maybe a
period of commitment that can be
6 months or maybe even one year,
the following year or 3 months the
following term, you have a turn and
some other kids can make these role
or can have the possibility to
take this role and to improve their
skills, because peer support is
beneficial, is important for those kids
who receive the help and the support, but
it's also beneficial a lot for the peer
supporters and so it's important that
you provide a scheme where several kids
that can take these roles and can take
the turn in having a responsibility role
as a peer supporter. So 4 advices
more or less: (1) Being with the kids and to
some regard support and scaffold the
kids, (2) provide the trainings and
(3) supervise the kids and (4) design a
model and a project where kids can
have a turn and take the responsibility in
different terms
of being peer supporters and peer
educators.
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