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Pathways - Duration: 30:18.
Nationally the country faces a shortage of professionals in the fields of science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics, also known as STEM.
This is a challenge in the Baltimore/Washington region because of the high concentration of
STEM businesses and the proximity to government agencies.
What is Howard Community College doing to meet this challenge?
Find out as we explore STEM in this episode of Pathways.
(Music)
Welcome to Pathways, I"m Dr. Kate Hetherington, president of Howard Community College.
Engineers, scientists, cybersecurity, and other STEM professionals are in demand locally
and around the country.
Community colleges are pivotal partners in the STEM pipeline, preparing students for
careers or for transfer.
At Howard Community College, students have excellent faculty and academics that keep
pace with industry needs.
For years, this winning formula still needed one critical element: a state-of-the-art building.
Opened just in time for summer 2017 classes, the new science, engineering, and technology
building will encourage discovery and feature innovative spaces.
At four stories high, the new Science, Engineering, and Technology Building inspires students
as soon as they enter the main hallway.
A large glass wall showcases the names of world-class scientists throughout history.
Further inside, classrooms and laboratory spaces, study areas, and meeting rooms invite
students and faculty to collaborate inside and outside of class.
We wanted to create a space where students wanted to linger, to meet outside of class
to be together.
We have student study rooms for students to just join together to in a group and with
technology and white boards so they can go in there and work together, and then the class
rooms, uh, and, and the laboratories spaces, they're all designed to be interactive and
collaborative, and to be flexible so that we can change the configurations based on
what the instructor's plan is for that particular day.
With these new spaces, faculty are transforming how they teach and students are becoming more
involved in their learning.
We find that students learn better when they are given an opportunity to take those things,
and apply them to real problems, the kinds of problems they're going to face in the work
force, or in graduate school.
One of the other things we"re doing is trying to do projects for other departments in the
SET division so right now we're actually doing a project where we're designing a uh, gyroscopic
bike wheel demonstration for a physics professor.
In the cybersecurity area, there are dedicated laboratories and workrooms designed to offer
students hands-on training.
Students will have access to a lot more equipment, umm, servers, switches, routers, and also
hardware that they can actually, physically work with which is lacking in the industry:
that's what they'll need to have.
So that will be our advantage over other colleges, is that we'll have access to a lot more hardware
for them to work on.
Other features of the building are the two-story engineering build room and the physics drop
zone, where students can toss an object from 40 feet and take measurements to calculate
velocity at varying levels.
So the drop zone, umm, which I think will be used mostly by physics and engineering.
We can use for umm, coefficient of restitution, like bouncing tests or um, like designing
egg drop tests or things like that.
Umm, In the engineering lab in particular, umm, it's just a large open space with like
a 40 foot ceiling, uh, a garage door so you can drive a vehicle into that space if you
wanted to work on an engine.
In that big build room there's also a crane so we can lift up to, I think 3 tons.
Most importantly, the building's classrooms and labs offer students the hands-on learning
needed to succeed in today's workforce, as well as the workforce of the future.
I have to say that I've always prided our faculty on having a very active laboratory
program, a very hands on laboratory program, but, you know, there are times when you want
to do a particular experiment with your students, and you just don't have the refrigerated centrifuge
that you need, or you don't have the sequencer that you need, or you don't have a florescence
microscope, but we have those things now, so I just say the sky's the limit.
I'm joined now in studio by Patti Turner, Dean of science, engineering, and technology,
and Will Straube, associate professor of biology.
Patti the building is transforming education at the college.
Can you explain the difference it's making here at HCC?
Well this building was clearing designed with students in mind, and I'd like to say that
that experience begins when you walk in the door.
When you walk in the door there's a learning commons for students to use collaboratively
or individually, umm, they'll have access to library resources, and to instructional
technology so they can work on their projects and research, umm, the classrooms have been
designed also to allow faculty to kind of align their teaching practices with how we
know students learn, how everybody learns.
Umm, in the classroom there's no podium, you know, unlike what we experienced when we were
in school, we all stared at the front of the room, there is no front of the room, the front
of the room is everywhere, umm, the classrooms are flexible, umm, they're designed to, uh,
to adapt to whatever the instructor has in mind on a particular day.
Students work individually or they work together on a variety of projects and paths related
to their course.
The laboratories are designed the same way, umm, they again, no front of the room, they're
student centered.
A lot of exciting things are happening, and a lot of thought went into this whole process
of making sure we had the best environment for students to learn
Absolutely, and in addition to doubling our space so that we can expand our programs,
we're going to be able to offer new programs, and new experiences for students, because
we have some new facilities, umm, for example the green house to support our plant biology
program, umm, we have an observation deck so that astronomy students and the public
can come in and sky watch
Well if you weren't thinking about going to college this is certainly the time especially
if you want to be a STEM major come to HCC
Absolutely
Yes, now Will, how is this changing the way you teach?
Well our classrooms are remarkably different than they used to be.
They're big, they're opening, they're welcoming, uh, they're brightly colored, uh, but they're
also very flexible, umm, as Patti says there's no front to the room so we have to figure
out how we're going to use that.
They're also chalk full of technology so we now have the opportunity to present a variety
of different formats for our students, and really enhance the presentations that we offer.
So I know undergraduate research is important to both of you, and, umm, most people don't
think of undergraduate research as happening during your freshman and sophomore year, so
Will do you want to start off by telling us how that is incorporated into the, the, uh,
teaching and learning environment that we have at the college?
Well so science, you know, is, is an act, it's a verb, umm, and doing science is so
important to really appreciate what science is all about, uh, you know when we lecture
about science we're really talking about the history of science, umm, and doing science
is a totally different thing.
Students that are doing science get involved, uh, and we know from our studies, our studies
that have been conducted that students that are engaged in undergraduate research stay,
uh, they get better grades, and they make more personal relationships with the faculty,
and of course in the faculty side, a lot of come from a research background, and it's
wonderful to be able to get back into it, it's a real opportunity for us.
And Patti you had spoken to me earlier about the connection with other college, universities,
and organizations with undergraduate research, can you tell us a little bit about that?
We've been very, very fortunate to, umm, get the attention and support of, of, umm some
partners, umm, at four year institutions, university of Maryland College Park, University
of Maryland Baltimore County, Towson University, umm, some of our corporate, umm, colleagues,
WR Grace, umm, Arrow, Arrow Labs, umm, Five Physics Lab, NHI we had a group here on Friday
this past Friday, umm, looking at our program, we were presenting our program to them, they
seemed very very enthusiastic about, umm, supporting us in a variety of ways, whether
it be, you know, our students transferring to four year schools, and bringing their research
with them, umm, collaborating with us on various projects, umm, so we're, we're, we're very
grateful to have that level of support and, and I think that's, umm, kind of a, a testament
to the good work that the faculty and students are doing here
You know our mission is providing pathways to success, and certainly with the good work
you and the rest of the faculty are doing in this wonderful new facility, uh_, you can't
bombe on a pathway to success, so
Thank you
I want to thank you both for being here today, I appreciate your time, and thank you for
the tremendous contributions that you're making to the students of Howard Community College.
Well thank you for the opportunity
Thank you too, yes
With scholarship support from the National Science Foundation, students are engaging
with hands-on research in their first and second years at the college.
We'll take a closer look at the research of one student and her faculty mentor.
To get more introductory astronomy students...
For student Kathleen Hamilton, the opportunity to do research is a dream come true.
Well I've always been interested in the Sciences, my parents actually met at a talk by Gene
Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, so some of my earliest memories are watching
Star Trek, and as you can see I really really want to be a science researcher
Through a National Science Foundation grant, Kathleen paired with Dr. Alex Barr, assistant
professor of physics.
Students are coming away with, uh, sort of very concrete experiences of assessing whether
their answer and their process really makes sense, uh, as well as, sort of practical skills
of computer programming, working in the machine shop, uh, doing literature reviews, how to
read a scientific research article, all things that in, uh, in an internship or in a research
experience after they transferred to a four year college or go to grad school, uh, that
is going to give them a leg up.
Working together, Kathleen and Dr. Barr are examining and documenting the dynamics of
the double pendulum.
Uh, a single pendulum is basically a grandfather clock, and a double pendulum is you just stick
a second one on the end of the first one, uh, so it has two legs that can sort of swing
independently.
And so what we were doing is trying to look at how the length of the two different legs
influences how quickly the pendulum becomes chaotic, and so trying to study, uh, sort
of the onset of this very complicated chaotic motion.
As she looks back at her research experience, Kathleen knows that the benefits she gained
will last far beyond Howard Community College.
He's a wonderful mentor, we would meet at least once a week to go over all of our findings
and we have a three person team: two of them want to be engineers and I want to be a theoretical
physicist, so we did a very good division of labor where they built everything and I
just coded simulations, and I've become really good friends with a lot of the other students
in the program, we give each other presentations, yeah, it's been really fun.
It's been a really good team building activity and a fantastic thing to put on my resume.
To learn more about the new building and the academic programs at the college, visit the
HCC website.
Cybersecurity is an increasingly important field in today's online world.
For example, some of the career opportunities were not even known a decade ago.
To talk about cybersecurity education, I'm joined by Dr. Mengi Ayane, an Associate Professor
of Cybersecurity program, and Rose Volynskiy, the chair of the Cyber Technology department.
Thank you both for being here today.
Mengi, it seems like you frequently hear news about businesses getting hacked or customer
names being put at risk, can you talk to us about how the cyber security industry is changing?
Right, over the last twenty years or so we've seen a lot of advancement in the cyber security
technology, however, right from the very beginning when the internet, global internet has, uh,
started, uh, we didn't actually have security concerns because the devices we communicating,
uh, no one was involved in the hacking, you know, in the attack business, but as the technology
advances and more and more people actually started to use the internet for businesses,
like E-Commerce, a big business, uh, we started to see, uh, people who actually are also exploiting
the vulnerability of the system, the system that consists of the internet, and so there
for we started to see lots of, uh, hackers, attackers, spammers, umm, and, uh, the core-site
scriptures, all kinds of attacks being launched on the technology that is serving humanity.
So Rose, how are the programs in the Cyber Technology department preparing students for
rapidly changing careers in the field?
The cyber security area is a very broad industry, so we're preparing students, not only these
enapricante skills, but also in area of mobile development, web development, cisco, and information
system insurance.
Our programs designed so students can get their industry certifications, and potentially
get up to four industry certifications as they finish A or AAS degree.
Our classes have labs that not only based on, uh, online environment, but also hardware
and software environment where they can get actual hands on experience on specific hardware,
uh, in addition to that we arrange students to get internships and apprenticeships, umm,
so students fully equipped once they finish our A degree, or AAS degree.
Well it sounds like the faculty are doing a good job of fully preparing students for
careers in the field.
Absolutely, and mostly we were, umm, excited about our office hours where each faculty
provides, uh, sort of a tutoring section, in addition to that we have tutors, peer-leaders,
so it's a lot of, like a, co-system around the student, and, umm, help to start from
ground zero and have a successful career.
Mhmm, well thank you both for joining me today, you've been so informative, and I appreciate
all that you do to help our students prepare for such an exciting career, and I appreciate
your dedication towards our students, thanks very much.
Thank you for having us.
Thank you for having us.
Thank you.
A partnership with the Howard County Public School system is providing high school students
the opportunity to get an advance college start, the early college program lets high
school students earn thirty college credits by the time they graduate from high school.
Students and their parents agree the program is a smart choice.
It can be daunting to start thinking about college when starting high school, but Noah
Teshome embraced the opportunity to join the Early College Cybersecurity program.
It's kind of the field that my dad works in, and I've always like, looked up to what my
dad does, and I always thought it was something really cool, and me personally I love just
like being able to stop the bad guys, you know, stop and defend what's good and kind
of be like a good guy, almost like a superhero behind a computer.
Through a partnership between Howard Community College and Howard County Public Schools,
Early College offers college courses and training in the high-demand fields of cybersecurity,
and STEM.
For parents, the benefits are career exploration and the college jump start.
We heard about the program through the guidance counselor at school, and it was at one of
the back to school nights, and, and they presented it to the parents, and I was intrigued, because
of the cyber security, the network security, which I thought Trevor might be interested
in.
We truly believe, what me and my wife, that most high school seniors are not mature enough
to be on their own, so this was a good opportunity, uh, for us, personally, but for him too, uh,
you know, getting into a hot, uh, technology sector, uh, is, uh, cyber security was huge,
For Noah, Early College has been a transition, and he's had to learn to adapt to the college
environment.
College classes are just a lot more faster paced and a lot more independent.
I mean, high school, you, the teachers, like the would try to make sure that everything
goes well for you but in college that's your job.
You have to make sure that you're there all the time, you're taking notes, you're paying
attention, because if you don't there's nothing else for you to do that, and that's definitely
different.
Noah and his Early College classmates have spent their high school senior year at Howard
Community College full time.
They agree the experience has been rewarding.
I really like the experience here, I wasn't really huge on high school, it wasn't really,
like, my, my thing, and just it's been great here, cause I've had a lot of support from
faculty and a lot of support from all my class mates, and it's, it really makes me feel like
I'm just a part of like a community.
Trevor and Noah's parents are pleased with the difference Early College has made in the
lives of their sons.
He's more mature than I ever expected him be at this age, uh, he, he's something about
him, you know, that just makes you feel like he's, he's got it together.
they have given them the tools to be confident in studying, to be confident while still living
at home, umm, teaching them time management, umm, there's bumps in the roads, but they
have a, a support system that they can lean on that really helps them build their confidence
and so I see him adjusting much easier as he goes to a four year school
As Trevor plans for life after high school, he feels that Early College has prepared him
for whatever comes next.
I do have the early experience of college and it doesn't really, it kind of hasn't really
sunk in for me yet that I'm almost out of high school and I'm really going to the next
step, because with the way that everything's been set up here, it just feels like just
a regular day, just a regular school day, just going in, take my classes, studying,
doing all my work, and it's really just, it's really nice because I know, since I have experience
now, instead of just graduating High School and going straight to a four year, I'm not
going to be like pressured, I'm not going to have nervousness, and I'm not going to
really feel anywhere different, I'm just going to feel like I fit in.
For more about the early college program, visit the college website.
In addition to the early college program, HCC offers a variety of options for high school
students wanting to jump start their college education.
Just as cyber and STEM careers are in demand, so to are career in Allied Health.
For example, the aging population has met an increased need for Pharmacy Professionals.
According to the bureau of labor statistics employment of pharmacy technicians is projected
to grow 9% over the next ten years, here's more about HCC's Pharmacy Technician training.
Growing up, Jonathon Sunday accompanied his father to the pharmacy he owned in Baltimore.
Assisting his dad peaked Sunday's interest in the profession.
Each day I would see my dad, uh, go to work as a pharmacist and I said maybe this is something
I want to get into because it's in the family, uh, it's, it's the family business, so I said
I might want to, uh, try to see what I can do.
Sunday registered for the pharmacy technician course at Howard Community College.
Well the course at Howard Community College is an extensive course, it's a six months,
uh, course, and, umm, it taught me, you know, a lot about drugs, we memorized the top two
hundred drugs in America, and, umm, we, you know, examined the different, umm, routes
that are used with these drugs, we examined, umm, the makeup of these drugs, we learned,
you know, the compounding formulas for these drugs.
Through the course, students get hands on experience with non-sterile compounding at
VitaScript Compounding Pharmacy & Nutrition Center in Columbia.
The class is taught by pharmacy owner and instructor, Dr. Lynn Shumake.
Here in the pharmacy they really need to have a hands-on, so part of the course is a lab
experience where they come in, we work with, umm, setting up capsulations, we work with
doing transdermal creams.
They get to gown up, we have head covers, masks, umm, body covers, shoe covers, etcetera,
it's really focused on sterility, or at least cleanliness, umm, and they get a hands-on.
They get to weigh, they get to take powders and creams and blend them together, umm, and
that's a real life experience that really solidifies the didactic information that they've
been reading about.
Once students complete 96 hours of theory and 160 externship hours through the course,
they are eligible to sit for the National Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Exam.
The college has worked with the board of pharmacy in Maryland to, umm, have them accept this
program, umm, as a means for students.
Once they complete the program and pass it, then the board of pharmacy can issue them,
umm, a certification, and they're then certified in Maryland and they can work at any of the
pharmacies.
In less than a year and after a successful exam, students can qualify for a career as
a Pharmacy Technician.
Pharmacy techs are extremely important.
Umm, in Maryland the board of pharmacy has, uh, recognized and authorized at least two
techs per pharmacist, so whether you're in a retail setting or a hospital setting or
one such as our which is custom compounding, umm, the technicians are very involved, umm,
from meeting clients, umm, talking across the counter and receiving a prescription,
taking in general information, they might be involved in actually putting prescriptions
into a computer system, umm, they might be doing filling processes, they'll pull drugs,
count them out, set them aside for the pharmacist to check.
Since earning his pharmacy technician certification, Jonathon has started a new job at a business
close to his heart, his father's pharmacy.
Visit the college website and search pharmacy technician to learn more about this class.
Howard Community College and a faculty artist recently won two prestigious Howie Awards
from the Howard County Arts Council.
The college won the Legacy in the Arts Award for its long support of arts in the community
and its role as a cultural hub.
The Howie Award for Outstanding Artist went to HCC Professor of Art Yifiei Gan, who has
been teaching at the college for over 25 years.
Howard Community College and a faculty artist recently won two prestigious Howie Awards
from the Howard County Arts Council.
The college won the Legacy in the Arts Award for its long support of arts in the community
and its role as a cultural hub.
The Howie Award for Outstanding Artist went to HCC Professor of Art Yifiei Gan, who has
been teaching at the college for over 25 years.
Since Howard Community College opened its doors in 1970, it has been a integral part
of life for Howard County residents, and home to an ever expanding arts community.
Tens of thousands of county residents and visitors enjoy the art galleries, and theater,
music, and dance performances in the Horowitz Visual and Performing Arts Center.
Enrollment in the arts has soared, and course offerings have multiplied providing arts education
for students who want to earn a degree, transfer, or enrich their lives.
Among the college's talented faculty, Yifei Gan, as Outstanding Artist, is an internationally
recognized artist and curator.
During his ten years at HCC, Yifei has been a visiting professor at several major Chinese
institutions, and served as an artist and residents at the college of Saint Benedict.
In addition to creating his own work in teaching, Yefei is a published writer.
Howard Community College offers the best arts and culture whether you're a student, an artist,
or an audience member.
A special thanks to the Howard County Arts Council for these honors.
One of the shining stars within the college's arts programming is Rep Stage, a professional
regional theater in residence at the college.
In fact, it is the only equity theater company in residence at a community college in the
country, and it has been for 25 years.
Let's take a closer look at what the future holds.
In 1991, Howard Community College's community theatre was producing just one show per year,
but professional actors were starting to take note.
They wanted the college to have an Actors' Equity Association theatre.
So I made an appointment with actors equity association in the central office in New York
City, because when I negotiate I like to do it in person.
So I went up there and I asked about becoming, what it would take to become an equity theater,
and that's union, that's what that means.
So they said to me, well, there are no equity theaters in Community College.
So we did become the first, umm, actors equity association theater in residence in a community
college, and we are still, 25 years later, the only, umm, Actors Equity Association Union
theater in a Community College.
The resulting theatre is Rep Stage, a regional professional theatre in residence at Howard
Community College.
Since opening 25 years ago, Rep Stage has received several Helen Hayes Awards and close
to 50 nominations for excellence in professional theatre in the D.C. metropolitan area.
Theatre reviewers often list productions as top shows to see.
I think audience expectations are that they're going to see really great work.
Umm, I'm hoping that a newer expectation is they're going to see things that they're not
seeing anywhere else, or things that they don't need to go to New York to see because
they'll be here soon.
Umm, besides world premieres, we've had a number of regional premieres, so local productions
that are happening for the first time in this area, so people don't have to go necessarily
to New York to see something new because it's going to make it's way to Rep Stage.
A new musical just completed its world premiere at Rep Stage.
Dorian's Closet, a musical based on the life of legendary female impersonator Dorian Corey,
was one of Rep Stage's more ambitious projects.
It's a musical interpretation of Dorian Corey's life, she was a well-known female impersonator
in New York City.
Umm, her kind of height of her career was in the 80's and 90's, early 90's before she
passed.
Umm, she was a headliner at Sally's which was a famous drag bar in the theater district.
It starts with her arrival in New York and her kind of rise through the underground gay
club scene and ball scene, and then, uh, it's also a murder mystery because right after
she passed away when they were cleaning her apartment they found a fully mummified body
in her closet, which was identified.
Umm, they think she had the body for 10 to 15 years and moved 3 apartments with it, and
now it's a musical.
(Singing)
New works such as Dorian's Closet combined with familiar shows are what keep theater
patrons Judy Vogel and David Glaser coming back season after season.
I think most of the choices of what gets put on have been new plays, at least new to us,
and occasionally there's something that we're familiar with, and that, that mixes really
nice, you know, occasionally we see something that we're quite familiar with, and it's always
fun, but mostly it's new stuff, which is great.
To be, to have the opportunity to engage with theater that's just sort of emerging out of
the culture, out of these gifted writers.
Dedicated to arts education, Rep Stage also offers opportunities for HCC students to engage
in the work as both audience members and theatre artist.
Students work behind the scenes and sometimes on the stage.
I think we offer an amazing opportunity.
We're the only professional theater in the country in residence at a community college,
I think that's pretty fabulous.
Umm, and when the situation is right we have cast students out of the theater program.
Umm, that doesn't happen all the time but since I've been here we've cast two current
students and a recent graduate and that's been really, really wonderful.
As Rep Stage looks to the future, it will continue to produce American contemporary
classics as well as new works for its dedicated audiences.
I would like Rep Stage to be a destination in the theater world, to know that we're here
and doing things that are exciting and different and that has purpose as well as being entertaining.
Learn about the Rep Stage shows at repstage.org.
Well, that wraps up this edition of Pathways.
Thank you for joining me, and I'll see you next time.
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Anatomy for Singers the Easy Way: The Diaphragm - Duration: 4:41.
Anatomy for singers the easy way: The Diaphragm.
We are going to talk about the very important
characteristics of the diaphragm so that you understand its role in breathing for singing.
Let's start right now.
So let's play a game "True or False?"
I am going to show you three statements and you tell me if you think that they are true
or not. Let's start.
1. The diaphragm inhales and exhales.
2.
The diaphragm supports the sound.
3.
You can feel your diaphragm when you inhale.
Now, pause the video and think about these statements.
Are they true or false?
By the way, if you don't know what the diaphragm is, no worries, I am going to talk about it
very soon.
Just take a guess for now.
Ok.
If you said that all three statements are false, you are absolutely right!
Congratulations!
These three statements are very common myths floating around in the singing community.
And some singers build their skills based on this kind of information and as a result
of not having good knowledge about their instrument, they don't progress.
So now, let's talk a little bit about the diaphragm and let's see if you will be able
to restate the three statements into facts.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that spans across the bottom of the ribcage.
It is attached to the spine at the back, to the bottom edge of the ribcage on the sides
and to the sternum (breast bone) on the front.
The diaphragm separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
The diaphragm is the major muscle of inhalation because it is responsible for about 70% of
inhaled air.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, flattens and moves downward.
This downward movement pushes on the inner organs in your abdomen.
You can observe this direct effect of the descending diaphragm as your belly gets pushed
out during inhalation.
It is not the diaphragm you see and feel moving in and out.
It is the inner organs getting pushed out due to descending of the diaphragm.
When the diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand.
As a result, the air pressure in the lungs decreases, which sucks air into the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns up to its dome-shaped relaxed position.
The inner abdominal organs also return to their "normal" position and you can observe
this as your belly moves in.
The lungs decrease in volume, which causes the air to rush out of the lungs.
There you have it!
The diaphragm.
But how does this knowledge help us create a flexible, yet powerful system to support
the sound?
Once you understand the basic structures and principles, you can start discovering and
exploring your own body, you can start learning how to use it to your advantage and how to
control it.
Now, let's reformulate the three statements into facts that we can build our skills upon.
1.
The diaphragm inhales.
It relaxes during exhalation.
2.
The diaphragm does not support the sound because it is very difficult to control a muscle in
the state of relaxation.
3.
You cannot feel your diaphragm when you inhale.
What you feel is the inner organs and the abdominal wall moving out as a result of the
descending diaphragm.
This was just a short anatomy and physiology lesson.
As you can see, it does not have to be boring or hard to learn.
Ok.
That is all for today.
Thank you very much for watching this video and I cannot wait to the next one.
Happy breathing and singing.
Take care.
-------------------------------------------
Recover Used Gallium From Aluminum Using Solvent Extraction - Duration: 9:51.
WARNING: Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are corrosive, wear gloves when handling them.
Diethyl ether is highly volatile and highly flammable.
Work in a fume hood and fire safety protocols must be in place.
Greetings fellow nerds.
You've seen me destroy aluminum with gallium in various videos and some of you have asked how to recover it from the spent aluminum.
In a previous video i showed an easy method using sodium hydroxide decomposition that essentially destroys the aluminum but leaves the gallium behind.
You can check the video description for that video.
Now this method does work and for the amateur this is probably all you need.
But a lot of the gallium is destroyed as well so recovery isn't very good.
In this video we're going to use a solvent extraction method to recover even more gallium.
The idea is that we're going to selectively dissolve gallium chloride in diethyl ether but not aluminum chloride.
This allows us to concentrate the gallium for easier recovery.
To show you how effective this is, i'm going to use the spent waste from the previous video.
It's looks like a great deal more than what i had in that video because this also includes runs which didn't work.
Now we already removed the recoverable gallium from this so this should be depleted.
Let's see how much gallium we can recover with this solvent extraction method.
Now this waste is mostly aluminum oxide as well as sodium hydroxide and tiny amounts of gallium hydroxide.
First we'll need to neutralize all of it with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
It's bubbling because it's releasing carbon dioxide.
It absorbed a lot while sitting at the back of my lab for the past couple of months.
What we want is to convert all the metal oxides and hydroxides into their chloride salts.
Aluminum, gallium and sodium chloride.
Keep adding hydrochloric acid until it stops bubbling.
It's not clear yet because at room temperature the conversion to aluminum and gallium chloride is rather slow.
Transfer the mixture to a glass container and heat it on the hotplate.
As it heats up it will drive the reaction forward and clear up.
If the solution boils but is still not clear then you'll need to add in more hydrochloric acid.
The yellow color you see here is iron contamination.
Aluminum metal tends to have very tiny amounts of iron in it.
It's not a problem for most purposes but iron chloride will give a strong yellow color like this.
Anyway, once everything is dissolved let it cool.
Now as it cools it may crystallize out excess aluminum and sodium chlorides.
This is not a problem is what we really want, the gallium chloride, will remain in solution.
Now filter out the mixture.
This is to get rid of the crystallized salts and also to get rid of the various paint chips that came with the aluminum softball bat we originally performed our experiment on.
And here we have it a solution of aluminum and gallium chlorides.
Now place this in the fridge and cool it down further.
We're doing this because we'll be performing a solvent extraction with ether later and a cold solution will help prevent evaporative losses.
And here we are after leaving the solution in the fridge overnight.
You can see even more of the aluminum chloride crystallizing out.
Now you're going to need a large separatory funnel.
We fill it halfway, in my case 500mL, with diethyl ether.
I got most of mine distilling it off starter fluid as shown in a previous video.
Diethyl ether has a low boiling point of just 34.6 degrees celsius so on a hot day like today you can lose a lot just from evaporation.
It's also a tremendous fire hazard being so volatile and flammable.
So when doing extractions, it's a good idea to pre-chill it in the fridge if you can.
This helps to keep the vapors under control.
Okay now that the ether is in there, we add the solution of the aluminum chloride.
Once it's in there, put the cap on and shake it up to perform the extraction.
Now this is where the actual important part is happening.
Gallium and aluminum chlorides are both highly soluble in water.
But gallium chloride is also soluble in diethyl ether.
So by shaking them together we can transfer gallium chloride from the water to the ether and leave behind aluminum chloride.
This allows us to tremendously concentrate and purify the gallium from the aluminum.
Okay, after a few minutes of shaking.
Let the contents settle and drain out the bottom aqueous layer this should be depleted in gallium chloride.
Keep the upper organic layer of ether.
Now i have a lot more solution so now i'm going to add another 500 ml of it to the ether and extract more gallium chloride.
Now you professional chemists are probably yelling at the screen right now.
Extracting it this way is not as efficient as using fresh ether with fresh solution.
I'm doing it this way because this is all the diethyl ether i had so i have to reused the same amount.
I'm not going to recover all the gallium possible but at least we'll have enough to demonstrate the process.
Anyway, once again drain off the aqueous layer and extract more solution until you've gone through it all.
And here it is, a solution of ether and gallium chloride.
The yellow color is from small amounts of iron chloride which is also slightly soluble in ether.
Now we need to remove the ether.
Simply set up for distillation and distill it off.
Stop distilling when no more ether transfers over at its boiling point.
You can actually reused the ether and extract again the aluminum and gallium solution for maximum recovery.
I didn't do that because i didn't have the time.
Now I went a little too far in my distillation and charred my residue but this isn't a problem.
Now at this point we have a syrup of gallium trichloride, residual water and ether.
Gallium chloride actually binds ether pretty strongly so distilling it off is actually pretty hard.
We need to get it back into water solution so add in about twice its volume of water.
The separation of layers shows that the ether wasn't fully distilled off.
Just put it back into distillation and distill off the ether until water starts distilling.
The ether now distills off easily because the gallium chloride can bind with water instead of ether.
Now at this point we have a solution of gallium trichloride in water.
Now add in small amounts of sodium hydroxide.
About five percent of the solution mass at a time.
At first it will form a precipitate of gallium hydroxide.
But as you keep adding sodium hydroxide it will dissolve again as the sodium hydroxide and gallium hydroxides react to form a sodium gallium hydroxide.
It is this stuff that we want so keep going until the precipitate dissolves again.
Now at this point i made a major fail.
I added too much sodium hydroxide at once at the solution go so hot that it boiled over.
All that work destroyed in the blink of an eye.
This was the kind of mistake i yelled at my students for doing back when i was a chemistry TA.
Now people keep telling me to post my failures so you can learn from them.
All you're really learning from this is that i am an idiot.
I'm certain you already knew that a long time ago.
Anyway there is still a small amount left that we can still work with so i'm going to clean up and keep going but we're going to have very bad gallium recovery.
Here is the solution with all the gallium hydroxide redissolved.
I added a bit of water so i would have more volume to work with.
The black suspension is iron hydroxides that also precipitated out and did not redissolved.
Now i wanted to filter them out but they passed right through my filter paper.
I don't have a finer filter so we're just going to have to go to the next step anyway.
Now to recover the actual gallium metal we set up for electrolysis.
On the right over here is a platinum anode.
You can also use nickel since we're working in strongly alkaline conditions.
On the left here is a titanium cathode.
But you can also use copper, nickel, steel and most other metals that are stable in alkaline solutions.
Now we run enough current until the cathode just starts to bubble.
This is where we're producing gallium metal.
At the anode we're mostly generating oxygen although there will be some chloride electrolysis as well.
The whole solution is being gently heated to 40 degrees celsius so the gallium actually drips off the cathode as a liquid.
The suspended iron particles are blocking our view which is why i wanted to remove them.
But you can make out droplets of gallium metal forming.
I think it's amazing to actually see a liquid metal electrolyze out of solution.
Now you might be asking why we didn't do the electrolysis on the bulk waste.
This is because the gallium concentration is far too low.
We need the solvent extraction to separate and concentrate the gallium so that it could be recovered by electrolysis.
Anyway, keep electrolyzing until no more gallium deposits out.
And there we have it.
Gallium metal recovered by solvent extraction and electrolysis.
It doesn't look like much, but keep in mind that this was what the sodium hydroxide method could not recover, this was done on the waste.
And this experiment was also a failure.
If a failure gives results this good, imagine how much I would have gotten if I actually did this right.
For comparison this is the same gallium nugget recovered by simple reaction with sodium hydroxide.
I think i would have gotten an equal amount if i hadn't screwed it up.
So when recovering gallium, you have two options.
You can use sodium hydroxide reaction as shown in a previous video which is quick and easy.
But if you're willing to put in the work.
You can instead react your aluminum metal with hydrochloric acid and use solvent extraction with ether as shown in this video for vastly improved recovery.
Assuming of course you don't mess it up like I did.
Thanks for watching.
Special thank you to all of my supporters on patreon for making these science videos possible
with their donations and their direction.
If you are not currently a patron, but like to support the continued production of science videos like this one,
then check out my patreon page here or in the video description.
I really appreciate any and all support.
-------------------------------------------
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