Ice Mummy 45-year-old a man who lived 4550 ± 19
years ago, nicknamed Etsi, was found in 1991
German tourists, on height of 3210 meters in the Ötztal
Alps, on the border of Austria and Italy,
hence the Austrian name.
Mummy's body is notable and the fact that it was more
60 tattoos that makes her oldest
tattooed with mummy.
Although the find was made in the last century, new research
tools are shed light on life and life of Etsi
in the Copper-Stone Age.
And also talks about his last days of life,
before he was killed.
Six artifacts that were found at the site of death
ice man from 3 different places in the Southern Alps.
Arrowheads were from the valley of Trentino in the South
Tyrol, 40 km from the proposed living place
the community of Etsi.
Travel to those places ran through the highlands.
Previous research showed that he
was about 1.6 m and weighed about 50 kg.
Tattoos were made by rubbing soot into cuts,
possibly as a treatment from osteoarthritis.
The hair was dark chestnut, as well as the eyes.
Wore a beard and was dressed according
with the climate of the Alps.
The shoes were from different types of leather, belt and waistband
a bag of calf leather.
He was also dressed in goat's leggings, without pants, cloak of woven
grass, a bear's cap and a sort of sheepskin coat.
Maybe it was a shepherd, judging by the analysis of isotopes,
talking about his childhood and movements during
adulthood.
As well as with other interesting finds, around the ice
began to be created myths and conjectures.
If the scientists are assumptions based on results
research, then in fantasy journalists and ordinary people
freedom is much greater.
Even the myth of the curse was born Etsi, similar to the curse
pharaohs associated with a mummy Tutankhamun.
But in this case, draw zaushi, it turned out wrong
many deaths, only eight from hundreds of people who
in one way or another were associated with Etsi and
are still alive.
And only 3 of the deaths were not accidental.
And this is not even statistically significant significant.
With great success, you can talk about the "curse of potatoes,"
if you start to tell, that people before death
under mysterious circumstances, in one way or another had
contacts with potatoes on lifetime.
In addition to the myths, there were also judicial Disputes, but I will tell about them
at the end of the article.
As they say: do not switch, it will be very interesting.
In the new work, scientists analyzed the following tools:
dagger arrows, end scraper,
borer, deer retoucher horns with wooden handle
and the tip of the arrow is stuck in the shoulder, which most likely
and finished off the already exhausted rights.
The brass ax that was found with him in a new study
participation did not accept.
Analysis of stone products offers an extensive network
maintenance and circulation on the southern slope of the Alps, which
was not limited to local material.
It was supplied from various extractive and
production centers.
In those days, production stone tools was
specialized activities, especially for workpieces
daggers, blades, and tips arrows.
Because you need a significant time to develop skills,
to become specialized flint stone mason,
and get a high degree skill.
One master could easily service one or even several
villages.
For this reason, that Ezi was not himself making blades
and blanks, of which his tools are made.
Especially since with him not there were necessary workers
tools.
Also points to this and the fact that the drill and the end
scraper were manufactured from different materials, and
two arrowheads from the quiver in general, judging
by analysis, could be made different people.
The only semi-finished product in the things of an icy man,
there was a small scale similar to on waste from the tips
arrows and daggers.
Ezi could pick it up in the workshop.
Most tools icy people are typical
for those used in various cultural
groups of Northern Italy.
And the end scraper and knife resemble characteristic
blades tools Horgen cultures from
eastern Switzerland.
While taking all these facts and Etsi himself did not
his tools he had enough skills for
work with stone tools.
With him there was an instrument for retouches of horns and footprints
retouching on 5 instruments.
Perhaps Ezi was courting their property
in the process of operation.
Because there are traces of wear and tear
and retouching.
Scrapers were used for cutting plants, cane
or softwood.
Knife and lugs in these goals were not used,
because they were treated with care, because archery had
important, but be and attitude towards them
was special.
Knives could generally have symbolic meaning
and wore them in a conspicuous place in sheath on the belt.
The best way to store tools would be wearing
they are in the waist bag, as most likely it was,
except for the knife.
In his last campaign the icy man took a pretty
limited set of tools or part was lost
in connection with the events in the mountains.
A variety of raw materials say that the instrument
he received at different times.
A noticeable wear says that they were used
a fairly long time.
A dagger with a broken tip, worn out blades, drill
remade from the old knife, only two tips
for arrows, repeatedly retouched and one small
flint flake, instead of a handful, says,
that Etsi did not have access to either to outcrops of a suitable
raw materials, nor to the workshops.
Also, no flint was found for breeding fire, although
possible for these purposes a scraper was used
and the fungus that was in the waist bag.
These data together with analysis of the remains of pollen
in the digestive tract, talk about the last two
days of life and the itinerary of the representative the Copper-Stone Age.
About 33 hours before death he was in the alpine
at an altitude of 2500 meters above sea level,
and was wounded in the arm.
The nature of the wound can indicate to self-defense.
Then he went down to the level about 1200 meters in the south
slope of the ridge where he spent some time.
And 4-5 hours before death, he climbed to the top again
about 3 thousand meters, where and died early in the summer from
The arrow overtook him from behind.
Early research has already theory of participation
Etsi in intergroup conflicts.
But go to the showdown with unfinished yew onions and a small amount
arrows and tools, pretty not logical.
Perhaps these events caught his one or a group of people
Unawares and he could not return back to my village, and
injury indicates that, that retouching tools
was made before these events.
In general, even before the archer's arrow, it was already not easy for him.
Also strange that is not considered the version that other valuable
things that are possible were with him could have taken
with an opponent.
What can change the overall picture.
Despite the great interest to the find and aspects
life of Etsi, adventure it did not end and
after death.
First there were difficulties with a definition on whose
territory was made find, Austrian or
Italian.
Because of the glacier, which complicated definition of the border by
watershed between rivers Inn and Adige.
But this issue was resolved faster follow-up.
So it turned out that the mummy in 92 m 56 centimeters on
territory of Italy.
The next dispute has already begun between the discoverers,
Simon's spouses and the government the Italian province.
According to Italian law the fee of the finder is
25% of the cost of the find.
However, the government proposed The price at that time
about 5300 US dollars.
Simon did not like it and through the court he achieved the official
status of the discoverer and asked for 300 thousand dollars,
and the government has appeal.
However, an impressive amount turned her head and the other
people who started to claim on the discovery, stating that
they found it, and Saiman just photographed.
One of the applicants for payment, even stated that she spat
on a corpse in the hope that her DNA will be detected ...
But for a minute, it was coming already the 14th year since the discovery.
And initially no one thought, that this corpse is an ancient mummy
and he was generally mistaken for crashed climber ...
Only forensic experts with the archaeologist have concluded
about antiquity.
Just 13 years after finds, Simon dies
in the mountains, and litigation continue.
Only 2 years after Simon's death in 2006
the court finally recognized its pioneer,
as well as the fact that the government must pay
legal costs.
After that, the wife of Mrs. Simon reduced twice
amount up to 150 thousand dollars.
But the government again has filed an appeal,
that the cost of opening museum should also be taken into account
and Simon relies only 50 thousand ...
And only later in 2008 government and Simon
settled the dispute by stopping on a payment of 150 thousand dollars
and part of the income from tourism, associated with Etsi.
This is how we met in this story more tragic events
than 4 thousand years ago and modern
life realities.
And I do not say goodbye to this, do not forget to leave
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