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Invisible Coffee? -- LÜT - Duration: 3:53.
Hey I'm Kevin and I'm so glad to be here because life without you is just Bleh…
Doll.
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they're
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This painted puzzling toy never appears to be concave even when that part is facing you.
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Alpaca Bag.
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as always, thanks for watching.
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真的把BABY當公主疼！黃曉明未曝光婚紗照藏愛情密碼 www.i88n.net - Duration: 1:27.
For more infomation >> 真的把BABY當公主疼！黃曉明未曝光婚紗照藏愛情密碼 www.i88n.net - Duration: 1:27. -------------------------------------------
3 Former NYPD Officers & Former NY Assistant DA Arrested In Connection W/ Gun License Bribery Scheme - Duration: 24:03.
Good morning.
My name is Joon Kim. I'm the Acting United States Attorney
for the Southern District of New York. We're here today to announce
more charges and convictions in our ongoing investigation
into corruption at the NYPD's Gun License Division.
We continue today what we started
a year ago. Last June, we announced charges against 2 members
of the NYPD's Gun License Division for accepting bribes
in exchange for licences. We were not done.
Our investigation continued, as did our determination
to aggressively pursue public corruption wherever we find it,
and to follow the facts wherever they may lead us.
And this is where they have led: alleged corruption
that pervaded the License Division up to its senior levels,
alleged corruption that spawned a cottage industry of
bribers masquerading as so-called expediters.
The industry of parasitic profiteers
allegedly included a number of former police officers, as well as
a former Brooklyn Assistant District Attorney. First, let me identify
the people we have charged. We charged and arrested today,
3 former Police Officers: Lieutenant Paul Dean,
who until recently was the 2nd in command at the License Division,
former Police Officer Robert Espinel who worked
in the License Division until his retirement last year,
and Gaetano Valastro, a former NYPD Detective,
and now, a gun license expediter, and owner of a gun store.
In a separate complaint, we charged John Chambers;
a lawyer and a former Brooklyn prosecutor who advertized himself
as the top firearms licensing attorney in New York.
In addition to these 4 individuals charged and arrested today,
we unseal the guilty pleas of former NYPD Sergeant
David Villanueva, and Frank Soohoo, a gun license
expediter, and former auxiliary member of the NYPD.
Villanueva and Soohoo have now pled guilty, and are cooperating
with our Office. This is significant.
These 2, along with former Police Officer Richard Ochetal who
previously pled guilty, have admitted their guilt in Court.
They've accepted responsibility for their corruption, and agreed to tell
the truth at trial about what they did, and what their fellow
officers did. And the information they have provided, along
with the other evidence we have gathered, paint a devastating picture
of pervasive corruption at the Licensing Division.
Lieutenant Dean, Sergeant Villanueva, Officers Espinel, and
Ochetal, 4 officers in the License Division whose job it was
to ensure that gun licenses were issued properly, and
issued only to those who should safely get them, were allegedly
on the take. They were taking bribes from expediters in
just about every form; good old-fashioned cash stuffed in envelopes,
sometimes hidden in magazines, expensive
liquor, luxury watches, free vacations, and even free guns,
and gun paraphernalia. And what did these officers do in exchange
for these bribes? They allegedly sold their oath
to serve and protect. They sold their duty to do their jobs.
They just issued gun licenses to whoever the bribing expediters
brought them without conducting the necessary background checks,
without questioning their need for a gun license, and without following up
on major red flags. Over a hundred gun licences
were issued in this problematic way, including 1 person
who had 10 moving violations, and had been the subject of at least 4
domestic violence complaints, including 1 in which he allegedly threatened to kill
someone. Another person who got a license had prior convictions
for criminal possession of a weapon, and assault with intent to cause injury.
Yet another license holder who had been arrested
for brandishing a gun during an assault, did not have his
gun license revoked. And instead, the gun was returned
to him by Officer Espinel, allegedly in exchange for bribes.
That person then went on to get arrested again for another assault
using a hammer. But none of this troubled or deterred
Lieutenant Dean and Officer Espinel; far from it. They allegedly
got more audacious as time went on. They were not satisfied by
simply taking bribes for licenses. They saw that the
expediters were making more money than they were, sometimes over $10,000 dollars
for each license. As Lieutenant Dean put it in a recorded conversation,
and I quote, "I am done watching people make money
off my back. I'm the one who's signing off on everything,
and watching everybody get cash hand over fist."
Driven by this greed, in late
2015, Lieutenant Dean and Officer Espinel decided to retire from
the NYPD to become, uh, corrupt expediters themselves.
But before they left, they allegedly took steps to guarantee the success
of their scheme. They offered to give a piece of the action
to their colleagues who would still be at the License Division, telling 1 colleague that
his wife should buy a shovel to scoop up all the money
they were going to make. While still with the PD, Dean and Espinel
even did test runs for clients who were willing to pay - pay for gun licenses,
driving them into the underground parking lot at 1 Police Plaza,
bypassing security so that they could get their licenses with no hassle,
or wait. They also recruited into their plot,
former NYPD Detective, and owner of a gun store, Gaetano
Valastro. Valastro allegedly planned to send potential
clients their way, in exchange for those customers being sent to
Valastro's gun store to buy guns, and take firearms training.
(SIC) [As] I mentioned earlier, former police officers were not the only ones
tempted by this scheme to earn riches at the expense of public safety.
So was John Chambers; an Attorney, and former prosecutor
at the Brooklyn DA's Office. Since at least 2010,
Chambers allegedly paid bribes to Officer Villanueva
when Villanueva was in the License Division. The bribes to the form of
cash, of course, but also tickets to Broadway shows, sporting events,
expensive meals, and even an, an $8,000 dollar watch.
In exchange, Chambers' clients who already had gun licenses,
when they got in trouble with the law, Villanueva allegedly agreed to look the other way.
Instead of revoking their licenses, as at times he should have,
Villanueva let them keep their licenses. Or if the licenses were suspended,
he would have the term of the suspension shortened.
Chambers also used his position in the NYPD to help expedite
gun licenses in Nassau County for cash bribes.
Villanueva sent applications from Chambers' clients, to
the Nassau County Police Department under the cover of the N - of NYPD
letterhead, knowing that that would substantially expedite
the review of those applications in Nassau.
Now this diagram here, uh, shows the, the flow of money
uh, from, uh, bribes from the expediters
(down here), uh, to the police officers. It took the form of
cash, liquor, luxury watches, vacations.
And then here, uh, are the lists of the police officers, uh, in,
in their, um - in the hierarchy, and the official actions that they took
in terms of approving, expediting, uh, and upgrading
gun licenses. You'll see the folks in green are people
who've pled guilty, and are cooperating, and the orange is people who have pled
guilty. Public corruption
cases are difficult to make, and police corruption cases
are particularly so. They take not only doggedness, and determination,
but because they involve investigating fellow law enforcement officers,
they take a deep commitment to doing the right thing no matter what,
without fear, or favor. And that is what we had
in our law enforcement partners in this investigation. First, I wanna
thank the FBI, represented here today by William Sweeny,
Assistant Director in Charge of the New York Office. Our partnership with the FBI
is as strong as it has ever been, and we continue to work together
every day to investigate all types of cases, but in particular,
public corruption cases. Specifically, I want to recognize Special Agent
in Charge, Michael McGarriity, Assistant Special Agent in Charge, George
Kasami, Supervisory Special Agent Jared Whitmire, and, and
Special Agents Joseph Downes, Bard Hubbard, and Michael Buschemi.
Second, I wanna thank our partners at the NYPD, represented
here today by its great Commissioner, James O'Neil,
and the Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters, Larry Byrne. I specifically wanna
recognize Internal Affairs Bureau for their fearless commitment to this investigation.
That includes Deputy Commissioner Joe Resnick, Lieutenant Brian Sparber,
and Sergeants Marc Klausner, and Ted Jeremenko.
Let me pause here to say a few words about the NYPD. The NYPD
in our view is the finest police force in the country,
if not the world. They keep us safe every day.
NYPD officers risk their lives so that the rest of us New Yorkers
can go about ours without fear or worry.
We all owe them an incredible debt of gratitude.
When we announce charges against police officers as we do today, it is
never a good day. But today's charges also show in my
view, the strength and greatness of the NYPD. These
charges were made possible only because of the commitment of the IAB.
The investigation was convict - conducted with the unwavering, uh, support of the Department's
leadership, and the NYPD has taken steps to reform and fix
the License division. All of that shows that the NYPD is
prepared to police its own, and committed to living up to the principle
that no one is above the law; and that is a great thing
for the NYPD, and for the city. Finally, I
wanna thank the investigators and career prosecutors in my Office who have worked on
this important case: Assistant U.S. Attorneys Russell Capone, Kan Nawaday,
and Lauren Schorr, supervised by Andrew Goldstein, and Tatiana Martins,
the Chiefs of our Public Corruption Unit. Our Public Corruption
Unit, as most of you know, has been incredibly active, and
successful, over the last few years, and they continue to be
as committed as ever to their mission of fighting corruption.
For the police officers and expediters charged in this cases, the critically
important police function of issuing and controlling gun licenses
was one they alleged were willing to pervert for personal profit.
When police officers violate their oath in this alleged way,
they not only betray the public they were sworn to protect, but their fellow officers
who do their jobs the right way day in, and day out,
remaining faithful to the duties they owe to the public, and to each other.
Thank you. Now let me bring to the podium, um, William Sweeny,
from the FBI. (William) Thank you Joon.
Good morning.
Law enforcement officials are granted authority to uphold the fundamental rule
of law. But any abuse of its power, no matter
how great, or how small, is nothing short of a crime.
Today's detail by the Acting U.S. Attorney, a series of gun
expediters, and former NYPD officers of various ranks,
face charges of bribery and conspiracy, among other things,
for their alleged role in unjustly approving gun permits, and receiving
bribes, or offering bribes, in exchange for special favors.
In many cases, as alleged, renewal
applications were expedited, incident investigations were resolved more quickly
than usual, and beneficial resolutions were reached regarding these incident
investigations, that might not otherwise have been.
As alleged today, the processing of gun permits, at the behest of gun expediters,
did not come without a significant risk to public safety.
As alleged, in one particular incident, the NYPD's License Division hit
a road block while processing a request for an applicant with a significant
criminal history. Instead of denying this individual a license,
the approval was pushed through by some involved in this scheme.
To make matters worse, the applicant's brother was also approved for a license
so that he could purchase a gun on behalf of the applicant without scrutiny from
a gun seller who would be required to conduct an FBI background check.
This detour, and judgement, among other similar decisions by those charged,
is what leads us here today. Not only does the
behavior of the alleged today threaten safety of our community, it also runs the risk
of eroding the public's perception of the law enforcement community, overall.
It's a narrative we'd like to confront head on, and it's actions that we will not tolerate.
The NYPD is an exceptional organization.
The overwhelming majority of NYPD officers who willingly protect
our city every day no matter what the risk, should not
be associated with a select few, who as charged, placed a
higher priority on satisfying their desires, than upholding the law.
The FBI received significant assistance - essential assistance from
the NYPD's Internal Affairs Bureau during the course of the investigation, which
should serve as a reminder to everybody of the Department's dedication to bringing
justice to those who refuse to abide by proper standards of conduct.
I'd like to thank our partners involved in this investigation, especially the U.S. Attorney's
Office, but in particular, the NYPD. Uh, your leadership,
uh, your partnership, have been exceptional, and we'd like to thank you (unintelligible).
Thank you Commissioner.
(Joon) Now I'll bring to the podium, uh, Commissioner O'Neil.
(James) Hey, good morning everyone.
This case was developed as part of a long-term joint investigation by the NYPD's
Internal Affairs Bureau, the FBI, and the U.S. Attorney's Office.
I'd like to thank the men and women of the FBI's New York Field Office, especially
Assistant Director in Charge, uh, Bill Sweeny, and the staff
of the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Joon Kim, for their integrity, and
professionalism, throughout this investigation. The NYPD
has tremendous working relationships with our law enforcement partners at the
local, State, and Federal levels. So for that, I thank you.
To be sure, today's announcement is not a happy occasion for any of us in the New York City
Police Department. As I speak about all the time, just about every
police officer in the NYPD took this job for the right reason; to fight crime
and kep people safe. We took these jobs to make a positive difference in
the lives of New Yorkers. We took these jobs to do good. But when
we as an agency, or as individuals, fall short of that ambition,
when members of our Department betray the public's trust through intentional illegal acts,
it erodes the confidence, the faith, and the good will, every other member
of the Department has worked so hard to earn from the millions and millions of people
we (unintelligible) serve every day as an agency, and as a society,
we have an obligation to investigate those betrayals of trust.
Under the guidance of Deputy Commissioner Joe Resnick, NYPD
has the most professional Internal Affairs Unit of any police department I know.
He, and his investigators, perform a necessary function, and we always
follow a case wherever that has taken us. At the culmination of such investigations,
we have an obligation to you to be transparent. We have a duty
to explain where your public servants went wrong, what our investigation
uncovered, and how we can prevent similar acts from happening again.
As I said, the vast majority of the NYPD is comprised of the
hardest working men and women of the highest integrity I've ever had the privilege to work
alongside. And their good work, their good deeds, their efforts to fight crime, and keep
people safe, are forging lasting bonds with the people we serve -
continue as we speak - in every neighborhood in New York City. Thank you very much.
(Joon) I will take a few questions. (Aside) Alright. Joon, in the
uh, in the Chambers complaint, there's an email (unintelligible)
saying that they have a friend (unintelligible) Dean. Um,
but nobody (unintellgible) as charged. Um, 2 questions.
In terms of coordinating with, uh, the Nassau Police Commissioner,
and formerly conclude that you found no criminal
culpability in this briber's scheme of anyone in the Nassau PD.
(Joon) Um, I'm not gonna comment more on, um, the
Nassau PD beyond what's, uh, in the complaint. Um,
uh, the, the complaint generally talks about, uh, uh,
sending, uh, applications for Chambers' Nassau clients.
under, um, the letterhead of an NYPD License Division with an understanding
that that would, uh, result in expedited, um,
uh, approvals. Um, that's, uh, for the time being, the
- uh, largely the extent of the allegations in the complaint. Um,
and we'll leave it at that. Obviously, uh, this investigation, like, uh, most,
if not all of ours, is ongoing. (Aside) And have you coordinated with the Nassau Police Department?
(Joon) I'm not gonna, uh, discuss that either. (Aside) Along with the (unintelligible) -
uh, cash transactions made; in what way, and where? (Joon) Uh, the cash
transactions, uh, as described in the allegations were, uh -
in the complaint - were handed off (as I said) sometimes in envelopes, sometimes
it's stuck inside magazines. I think they were handed to them at various
locations. I don't know, uh, if there was a, you know, a particular
pattern, or a particular location, that it occurred all the time. But, uh, uh, whatever's in
the complaint is what we're prepared to, uh, share with you right now. (Aside) Speaking of
ongoing investigations, just a quick question relating to (unintelligible)
(unintelligible) sealed. It's discussed in the Court papers that he had
a (unintelligible) donor, uh, regarding
official acts. Uh, what can we receive (unintelligible) regarding on when the
investigation, in terms of an information plea, or charging
(unintelligible)? (Joon) Uh, I don't think, uh, I can - I won't say anything more
than what you recited, and what's already part of the public record as, as you saw.
We, we did issue a statement, uh, about our investigation to City Hall.
I'm not gonna say anything beyond that. (Aside 1) Do you know if that - (Aside 2) Is there
(unintelligible) um, uh, gun sales led to an incline
or gaps, or anything else? (Joon) Um,
we do recite - and as I, I gave a few examples, as did
uh, um, uh, Bill Sweeny - of, um, licenses that were issued
to people who should not have had them. Uh, beyond
what's in the complaint - I don't know if the, uh, Police Department's prepared to share more,
but, um, you know, they're not aware - we're not prepared to discuss
anything more, and some specific crimes that may have been committed by any of the guns.
Patty. (Patty) (unintelligible)?
(Joon) Sorry, I couldn't hear. (Patty) Just to follow up on, on, on your question. Do those
people who should not have obtained their licences do now not have them? (Joon) I believe the
PD has taken, uh, significant remedial measures on - I'll let Commissioner O'Neil talk about that.
(James) i'll talk, uh, about the licenses, and I'll also speak about, uh, some
of the changes that we've made to the License Division. So after extensive
review of licenses implicated in this investigation, it's about
448 licenses [that] were identified by IAB during the course of the investigation,
and suspicious, and warranting further review. 100
license - licenses (most full, and limited carry) were suspended during this investigation.
79 were suspended as a result of the IAB investigation.
The other 12 were previously suspended by the License Division for
unrelated incident - incidents prior to the investigation, and 9
are pending evaluation. 215 licenses are currently under review
by the License Division, and 125 Licenses were reviewed,
and found to be issued properly. And [I'll] talk a little bit about the changes we've made to
the, uh - significant changes we've made to the License Division. So we've replaced
all the supervisory staff, and, uh, we increased its supervision.
All personnel at the command level of the Division were replaced, including the Commanding
Officer, the Exec., and Civilian Director. And, uh, we approved
additional staff, including 2 lieutenants, and 4 sergeants; uh, centralization
of authority to approve applications, in contrast to the past practice.
Now only the C.O. and the Exec. O. have the authority to approve new pistol applications.
Special patrolmen application, upgrades of existing licences to a different classification,
or renewal of an existing license. We've also instituted
many preventive measures - preventative measures - specific measures were taken
to prevent a re-occurrence (of course) of what transpired; is their prohibition
of License Division access to any 3rd parties acting as agents,
facilitators, or expediters, elimination of accepting
early tours within the License Division, and prohibition of access to
the License Division by any member of the public, unless a supervisor is present. A number
of other steps that we've taken, but those are the major ones. So, significant changes. Graham?
(Graham) (unintelligible)
the applicants (unintelligible). (James) Yes. Correct. (Graham) The question is how many
(unintelligible)? (James) Larry, do you have that number?
(Larry) For that 4-year (unintelligible) permits, it's, um, less than 3,000.
There are different categories of permits. There's (unintelligible) - (Aside) (unintelligible)?
(James) Yeah, sure. That would be helpful, right? (Larry) Sorry.
There's several different categories of licenses. For a full-carry license,
I believe there are fewer than 3,000 issued. There's a residence license,
a business premises license, licenses for shotguns,
and rifles, who are primarily hunters, and target shooters. Altogether,
I think there are approximately 65 licenses in the different categories,
and they all - every license gets reviewed every 3 years.
The license lasts for 3 years, and then we redo our background check, and update
our investigation. (Aside) When were these changes made, and (unintelligible)
on expediters? (James) I'm gonna have to get you the chronology
of exact - of exactly when the changes were made, but as soon as we found out of the
proprieties within the License Division, we took immediate, immediate steps - (Aside) Over
the last year? (James) right - immediate steps to make sure it didn't happen again. Marcia?
(Aside) (unintelligible) uh, - (James) Hold on. Marcia. I'll get to you in a second, alright?
(Marcia) The partial new, uh, (unintelligible)
Officer Espinel, and what (unintelligible)
(unintelligible) of what they would do (unintelligible)
make money (unintelligible)? (James) I, I didn't know the Lieutenant, or the
Sergeant. I did know the C.O., and, uh, you know, (unintelligible).
I talk about it all the time. I've been a cop for 34 1/2 years, and
by and large, every cop that I've ever had the opportunity to work with is, uh - takes
the job for the right reason. So for something like this to happen, to, to besmirch the names
of, and reputations of the other 36,000, uh,
hard working and courageous men and, and women, you know, it's absolutely appaulsing.
(Aside) Last question. Mr. You, uh, mentioned - you were talking earlier about transparency.
Will, uh, the Department be releasing a written report of,
uh, the investigation, and the measures that you've taken? (James) Yeah, we haven't made
that determination yet. Thank you. (Joon) Thank you everyone.
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nanoHUB-U Nanophotonic Modeling L2.17: Metasurface S-Matrix Calculations - Duration: 5:54.
[Slide 1] Hey everyone.
Welcome to Lecture 2.17.
Here we'll talk about how to use S-Matrix Calculations for
an advanced topic which is calculating the properties of metasurfaces.
[Slide 2] But first, let me start by explaining what a metasurface really is.
So the way that you can describe a metasurface essentially is that
instead of having an ordinary interface between two dielectric materials,
A and B in this case with indices Ni and Nt.
So incident and transmitted refractive indices.
Then you actually have this extra region in the middle,
basically on the surface, at that interface, which has a phase.
And then the point of the phase,
is that the phase is actually different, as you move across the surface.
And so in order to minimize action,
of the system, which is a very general principle,
then you actually need to take a different path, than you would otherwise.
And so that path depends on the gradient of
the phase as you go across the surface.
So delta phi over delta x or delta r in this case.
And so then that actually takes the standard law of reflection,
specular reflection in which the angle of reflection equals angle of incidence and
then it adds this extra term that depends on the gradient of phi.
And so you end up with something like this,
sine theta r minus sine theta i which would normally be zero is now equal
to the gradient of phi divided by n i k naught.
Where k naught is the wave vector in the index medium.
And then for refraction then you have something like Snell's Law,
which would normally be that this pair of terms is equal to zero, but
instead has an extra term equal to gradient of phi over k naught.
And so you can actually show that this amounts to momentum conservation.
And this will give you very unusual behavior.
It's kind of like you look into a mirror, and
then the mirror image of yourself would actually be off to the side, say.
[Slide 3] And so you can actually do really interesting things with this sort
of behavior.
Now this actually was shown experimentally a few years ago, that you can actually,
give rise to a whole bunch of different structures that implement
this phase gradient across a surface.
And then this phase gradient is, with nanostructures, small enough so
that you don't actually see the nanostructures themselves,
like with the optical wavelength.
And so in this particular case,
what you see is that there are a bunch of differing phase elements.
So basically, one period is highlighted in yellow.
And you can see that they're all stacked on top of each other.
And then this was demonstrated by Federico Capasso's Group at Harvard.
And this gives rise to a gradient, in the infrared.
And then similarly Vladimir Shalaev's group here at Purdue actually
performed a similar feat shortly thereafter in visible wavelength and
then there are other groups that showed other structures can give rise to the same
idea both theoretically and then experimentally as well.
[Slide 4] So here like the application we'll consider is how you can redirect light for
light trapping in photo-voltaic observers or
other types of photo detectors and so on.
And so here the concept would be that you'd have a meta surface
in the back of a semiconductor.
When light comes in, of course it comes in either at normal or
near normal incidents, gets refracted towards the normal
because it's coming from a low index medium to a high index medium.
But then the metasurface would actually push it away from the escape cone.
And then once you do that, then that forces it to be internally reflected and
so it can be fully absorbed, in principle, you would think.
So it's a, in other words, complete coupling of the external radiation,
even if you have an ultra thin absorber layer, because of this effect.
[Slide 5] And so here in like a very simple example, we're looking at what is the deflection
of a metasurface that's composed of nothing more then a graded index.
And so you can see that this graded index, basically,
the different colors represent different indices.
And it's all repeated periodically in this x direction.
And then basically the concept is light comes in at normal incidence,
it gets reflected back at some angle.
And then we can use a tool like S4Sim to actually calculate what is
the probability that light will get deflected into this so
called plus one mode compared to the spectre reflection mode which would be
on a diagonal of this graph of theta reflected versus theta in, right?
And so of course spectre reflection, theta r equals theta n,
in the plus one mode, theta r is much greater than theta n.
And so then that's this plus one mode.
And so you can see that this kind of design actually works very well
if the incident angle is close to normal, but
as you move away from the normal then it degrades in quality.
But then if you look at another way like as a function of wavelength,
you can actually see that the angle velocity changes
which is also interesting phenomenon.
In the next lecture we'll actually talk about how this can benefit light trapping
in solar cells.
-------------------------------------------
Five nights at Freddy´s - La noche se descontrola. - Duration: 18:50.
For more infomation >> Five nights at Freddy´s - La noche se descontrola. - Duration: 18:50. -------------------------------------------
nanoHUB-U Nanophotonic Modeling L2.13: CAMFR Boundary Conditions - Duration: 7:03.
[Slide 1] Hey everyone, welcome to lecture 2.13.
In the last lecture, we just talked about the basic rational for creating CAMFR.
Which we said is somewhat similar to some of the other S matrix methods, but
uses an eigenmode to solve within each layer rather than using plane waves.
[Slide 2] And so now we'll talk about what kind of challenges that poses.
So particularly like matching boundary conditions between different layers which
have different eigenmodes, may seem very tricky.
Okay, but there is an approach that can be used in general to deal with this sort of
problem called Lorentz Reciprocity.
And so, in Lorentz Reciprocity, basically you'd create some sort of
arbitrary cylinder, which would look like this.
And then you would evaluate Maxwell's equations across this boundary presuming
that the boundary is kind of in the middle, right here, of the cylinder.
And make sure that they're satisfied so
you can always be consistent with Maxwell's equations.
[Slide 3] And so, of course this is just a way of rewriting Maxwell's equations here.
But you can see that actually we've now split up E field into two different
components.
E field on the one side of the boundary in layer one, and
then in the other in layer two.
And so, of course within each layer, you just basically write down Faraday's Law
and Maxwell's or sorry, I should say Ampere's law with Maxwell's correction and
then that gives you something like this of course.
And then, instead of dropping the J which we oftentimes do with Ampere's law for
optics, we actually keep the J,
because that allows us to then combine some of these expressions together.
So particularly we can take the cross product of E1 with H2, which is over here.
And then we can substitute our expression for the curl of E2.
And then basically we can write down that the curl
of the difference between these two terms is equal
to J dotted into E across these boundaries,
like J1 dotted into E2 minus J2 dotted into E1.
So the significance of that is then we can actually then put that
into an integral over volume.
And then, we can use Gauss' theorem to convert this into surface integral.
And of course, we can evaluate this,
which just basically corresponds physically to power dissipation,
right in that volume of the Gaussian pillbox, as oftentimes it's called.
The thing that I showed you earlier.
[Slide 4] And so, the Lorentz Reciprocity theorem just says that the rate of change of this
surface integral has to be equal to the integral
of these differences of Js doted into Es.
Okay, and so then that actually then usually allows for
z-invariant media to simplify it very quickly to something that just looks like
E cross H across the boundary dotted into the normal direction would be equal to 0.
And so that's like a very simple expression that allows us to ensure that
for whatever set of eigenmodes we have, as long as we can combine them on each layer
that we can match them across boundaries.
[Slide 5] And so, just to go into a little more detail.
You can see we can write E as basically a sum of these terms.
And would have to be equal to basically the input wave,
plus the reflected waves, and the transmitted waves, right?
So of course, these have to match right on the boundary, all these E fields.
And then, you can define the overlap between modes as essentially
using quantum mechanical type notation.
E as a bra and then H as a ket.
And then, integrated over this cross product, across the surface, right,
because that matches up with Lorentz Reciprocity condition.
And then, we can basically write down all of these terms here,
from this original equation, as cuts.
And then cross those into and
then basically that allows us to simplify our terminology to calculate
like both a transmission coefficient for each of the terms and
then also a reflection coefficient for each of the terms, right?
So we've gone from essentially a very basic concept which is
a conservation of E fields and H fields across the boundary
to very specific set of transmission reflection coefficients.
Which would of course replace the standard Fernel reflection
in a more ordinary optical problem.
[Slide 6] And then, of course once we have that, then it becomes fairly straightforward to
use the standard S-matrix approach that we already talked about previously.
So I don't want to belabor that point.
I did want to mention that there's another reference from Lee written in 1996,
that kind of just shows the same formulation in a fairly compact representation.
And then we can basically compose the S-matrix layer by layer in the fashion
that we discussed previously so I won't go through that again in detail but
feel free to look back at that if you forgot.
[Slide 7] And then another thing that we can do that's really interesting with this
sort of formulation or approach, is that if we have periodic layered structures,
like say just a simple repeated bi layer, a quarter wave stack.
Then we can actually write down a solution in the semi-infinite case,
would have to be an eigenproblem where ABCD is essentially our repeated matrix.
And then we would have some sort of propagation coefficient
through that repeated structure.
And so, now, of course, numerically, this could be a big problem for
a key matrix because there's these exponential terms, which I have here,
especially if K had complex components.
And so, often times we would use singular value decomposition
to deal with this singularity.
And so, we would write basically this A matrix as a product of three
different matrices, U and V which are unitary, and then sigma which represents
the eigenvalues of the system which is a diagonal term.
And then that allows us to easily invert the A matrix in order to extract
the forward and backward propagating modes as well as the corresponding wave vectors.
And so in the next lecture,
we'll go into more detail about how CAMFR can be used practically.
-------------------------------------------
Sling buses. Lesson 1. How to tie a bead 15 mm. - Duration: 17:39.
For more infomation >> Sling buses. Lesson 1. How to tie a bead 15 mm. - Duration: 17:39. -------------------------------------------
Selon François Legault, le directeur du DPCP doit être nommé aux 2/3 de l'Assemblée nationale - Duration: 1:10.
For more infomation >> Selon François Legault, le directeur du DPCP doit être nommé aux 2/3 de l'Assemblée nationale - Duration: 1:10. -------------------------------------------
Kia Rio 1.2 DYNAMICLINE 5-D - GARANTIE 2022 - Duration: 1:01.
For more infomation >> Kia Rio 1.2 DYNAMICLINE 5-D - GARANTIE 2022 - Duration: 1:01. -------------------------------------------
nanoHUB-U Nanophotonic Modeling L3.9: MEEP - Basic Usage - Duration: 6:54.
[Slide 1] Hey everyone, welcome to Lecture 3.9.
So we were recently talking about some applications for
finite difference time domain.
And now we're going to take a step back and
then look at how we could actually use MEEP in more detail.
Say you were excited about these applications and want to do it ourselves.
[Slide 2] How is that going to work?
First of all, here's the website for MEEP, available here.
You can download it directly from this website, it's free software.
Or you can go to the NanoHUB site and then run the NanoHUB tool as well.
And so this again is finite difference time domain solver.
And has all these special features including arbitrary dimensionality,
perfectly matched layers, sub pixel averaging for higher accuracy.
Symmetry and parallelization for faster runtimes, and
then full programmability for greatest flexibility.
[Slide 3] So, there are actually three interfaces that are of note.
The first one actually, is not as well known by the C/C++ interface,
which was the original one developed.
And, the idea here, is that you actually have a set of member functions for MEEP.
And then those are called by an ordinary C program that links to the MEEP library.
And this is actually the most flexible option for using MEEP.
The second option is the scheme interface.
This is probably the most widely used.
And so, it's fairly powerful, much like the C/C++ interface, but
it doesn't require as much programming knowledge for simple problems.
So simple problems are relatively easy.
Of course, harder problems would require a lot more work, but
should still be soluble.
And it's interpreted language so it's actually not compiled into a runtime.
Okay, and then of course there is the third interface which I mentioned which is
a nanoHUB graphical user interface (GUI).
And so the advantage of that is it's probably easiest to start
off with the nanoHUB GUI, because there are already like pre-programmed examples
that you can draw from and it's located at nanohub.org/tools/meep.
And, it reduces the complexity of your input, but
also is maybe not as flexible but you can usually output the raw data,
much like we had with S4Sim if you need to process it further.
[Slide 4] So, in order to understand MEEP, regardless of what interface you're using,
it's good to understand some of the basic architectural considerations.
So first of all, MEEP is based on using certain types of classes,
because it was originally written in C/C++.
So it's an object oriented concept.
So first of all, we have this class called the lattice, and
the lattice basically defines the computational cell.
And so this is very important because every finite difference time domain code or
calculation has a certain grid, which may be
something as simple as a single point or it could be a very large 3D geometry.
Okay, and then it has materials.
And so there are of course many types of materials, you can imagine.
But basically, to the first approximation, we can say there are three types.
One is a medium, and medium can be very complex or
simple, may be just like a fixed dielectric constant, or
it could have some dispersion like we were talking about earlier.
Second material type would be a perfect metal,
which would essentially reflect everything that comes at it.
And then third is the material function,
which may be some arbitrary position dependent superposition of ordinary media.
And then there is a third class that is very important, which is geometry.
So of course once you have the lattice and
the material, that's what sets the stage to have the geometry.
Because you need to have this intersection of position within the lattice and
also material.
And of course there are many geometries that could be imagined.
But the idea of this code is not to have a function for every possible geometry,
but to have very basic geometric objects and then allow you to put those together
like a block or cylinder or a sphere or a cone, okay.
So these are very simple omens, but
you can add as many as you want and superimpose them together and stuff.
So of course, if you had a very unusual geometry,
it might require some creativity to figure out how to To
construct those from these objects, but it's usually possible.
[Slide 5] And then in terms of symmetries, we have three choices.
One is like a mirror symmetry, along the different planes, x, y or z.
Second option is like a 180 degree rotational symmetry, Rotate2.
Where the other one is 90 degree rotational symmetry, Rotate4.
And then another class that's very important is
the perfectly matched layers that go around the system.
And they have a certain thickness and direction.
[Slide 6] Of course we said that having greater thickness creates better absorption,
less back reflection.
Another class that's very important is, once you have the geometry all setup
basically, then you need to actually initiate the fields.
And that's done through sources, and there can oftentimes be either Gaussian sources,
in which you use a current that has like a certain central frequency,
but a Gaussian envelope of frequency is attached to it.
You could have a continuous source that would just basically oscillate as
single frequency as long as you run the simulation.
And then, there's also custom sources that don't follow these rules.
So then another thing that you can do is create Flux-regions.
And so Flux-regions basically help you monitor the output of the sources, and
this goes back to what I was showing in the last few lectures about calculating
absorption and losses and different geometric regions.
And so you can basically break up the different regions and
then perform transformation of the surface integrals into volume integrals to
estimate how much absorption occurs in different areas.
And of course, you have to correctly set up the flux planes, and
that depends on their position and orientation and weighting.
You can actually add the multiple flux planes together to get a single answer.
In the next lecture we'll talk in more detail about how to use MEEP.
-------------------------------------------
Winter's World: Makeup Tutorial 💕 turn on the subtitles 😜 - Duration: 4:53.
Hello everyone, this is Winter! Um, sit here Mum
Hello everyone, this is Winter! Sorry! Today I'm doing a makeup tutorial and where did you..
What's this?
First of all we are starting with some eye shadow
and where did you buy this from?
My mum bought this from the pharmacy and it's called the Blushed Nudes from Maybelline.
First of all I'm just starting off with this pretty vanilla.
That's Zuma right there in the background, you can see him right there. See him?
Good job Zuma, not barking.
I'm just going to put some of this shimmery colour on my nose.
It's kind of sort of a maroon.
A maroon I've gotta rub into my nose.
Uh ha.
So it's really good how I'm doing it.
Like it on my nose?
Oh yes!
This is called Dreamy this one, it's really good. See it on my brush there?
That's pretty.
Now what is this?
Yeah but I just don't want to do it like it says on the back.
Really? I'm just going to put it on my chin.
Just a sec.
I was gonna close the door, the boys were talking so I'm back.
And now I'm just going to put, mix this with a little bit of brown
Vanilla in the corner
Yeah, Pink Diamonds
I think I'll go in with this one because I like the detail
This is really good, see?
Where do we put the highlight again?
All of the colours just blend in with a little bit of...
Now my lipstick I'm going to put on
Isn't that a pretty colour? It's pretty
I'm bad at doing makeup
I'm doing this shimmery one now, see that?
That's the one I'm using
Where should I put it?!
I just wanna put some in the corner
Good job not barking still Zuma
Brown now, this is the brown.
It's this one, it's really good chocolatey
Need to zoom in!
But I just wanna do more
Bye everyone! See you soon!
Hugs & kisses!
and goodbye
-------------------------------------------
Femme de Chem How do I date someone who's DeafBlind? - Duration: 5:34.
Hello!
And welcome to Femme de Chem Chats.
I'm Kit, your host, with your weekly musings on life, the universe, but mostly on disability.
This week I'm going to be talking about dating somebody who is DeafBlind.
I'm covering DeafBlind topics as they come up in my life, and I recently started getting
back into dating, and you know what, there are so many roadblocks in dating when you're
DeafBlind that I never considered before, so here they are.
Some of the things that I have pondered about, and I will now impart that knowledge onto
you.
So, let's say you have somebody in your life that you've been dying to ask out who is DeafBlind,
or you've been matched up through a friend, or a website, or however it is this happened.
My best advice: ask them what is best for them, but if you're too shy, this is my list,
and I think it's a good general list of what will be just generally helpful to DeafBlind
daters of the world.
Number 1: Find someplace quiet.
If you live in a small town like mine, cafes are great.
If you live in a city museums are actually really great because they are quiet.
Um, in my town we have a little tiny pottery painting place, that's really great for dates.
It doesn't really matter what you do as long as it's quiet.
Walks in the park work, what-ever.
Just, think-think quiet.
Number 2: Ask if we need help.
If your date is DeafBlind it's best to ask if they need help before gallantly jumping
in.
I'm usually pretty good about speaking up, but making me feel like I'm not being a burden
is really helpful.
But Never, ever, speak for me.
I might ask you to repeat something that someone else has said to me, like a waiter, but don't
speak for me, I can speak for myself.
Number 3: Be open-minded.
Things that seem obvious to you might not be obvious to your date.
I found out recently that babies have eye brows, because I can't see them, and I don't
exactly spend all of my time feeling the faces of my friend's babies.
So, your date might not know that maybe something makes noise, or that something has a certain
colour.
What-ever it is, just explain it to them non-judgmentally, and just move the conversation along.
No big deal.
Number 4: Leave self-consciousness behind.
Your date is not going to do things exactly the way that you do.
I have to get very close to things to see them.
Sometimes I use my phone as an external microphone to hear waiters and waitresses.
You also might hear rude comments from the public about your date, someone might try
to remove your date from the venue.
These are all things that might happen.
Do not panic.
If you're with someone who is DeafBlind, simply tap them and alert them that there is something
going on.
I've been trained to educate the public about my service dog, and I can speak for myself,
and I can educate for myself.
So, just try not to be self-conscience people do stare at me all the time because of the dog, it's ok.
5: Finding good lighting conditions.
This one is the quiet of the Deaf world.
If you are trying to communicate with the DeafBlind person using visual American Sign Language
lighting is going to either help or hinder your ability to communicate based
on how bright it is, and where the person is in relationship to the light.
And it's best to ask the person what lighting is best for them because I cannot answer that
for any other DeafBlind person.
I can't even answer that for myself because it's impossible to explain.
So, just ask what lighting is good for them, and go from there, but you need to take lighting
into consideration if you are communicating in visual American Sign Language.
Dating someone with a different life experience than you can be an exciting adventure for
everyone involved.
It's important for everyone to also remember that you just need to goooo with the floooow.
And stay calm when things don't go according to plan.
Most importantly, date someone because they have a sparkling personality that you find
attractive, and try not to let the opinions and comments from the general population intimate
you away from participating and embarking on a new relationship experience.
That was this week's if you have a question about being blind or DeafBlind and dating,
please leave a comment and I will get back to you.
If you have a question about dating someone who is blind or DeafBlind, again, leave a
question and I will do my best to get back to you.
Please remember to subscribe to my channel, you can follow me on Twitter, and like me
on Facebook, and I also have an Instagram so you can find me on Instagram.
And if you would like access to videos in advance please become a patron, you can find
me on Patreon.com/kitEnglard.
Yep!
All these links are in the description!
I will see you later!
-------------------------------------------
Mileka Gilbert, M.D., Ph.D. Physician Profile - Duration: 2:13.
As a pediatric rheumatologist,
I take care of very rare autoimmune diseases
that can affect your joints, your skin,
muscle, other organs in the body.
And these are chronic illnesses,
so they usually require long-term treatment
with medications.
Together, the family and I,
we decide what is the best medication
for the patient's diagnosis,
but also, um, what medicine
might be the most feasible for the patient's
and family's situation.
Pediatric rheumatology itself is very specialized already,
but I would have to say that my special interest
are in childhood lupus and juvenile arthritis.
I also perform steroid injections
into joints that are inflamed
in children with arthritis.
But I take care of all of the other diseases as well,
juvenile dermatomyositis,
scleroderma, vasculitis,
all of the others.
What makes pediatric rheumatology unique
here at MUSC in the state of South Carolina,
is that we participate in international organizations
that are involved in research
and in quality improvement
whose goals are to improve the outcomes
of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases.
I think by working in groups with medical centers
across the country,
and it helps us bring opportunities to our patients
in clinic to participate in research studies,
and we learn best practices
and management of diseases
to improve outcomes in our patients.
And so, um,
what you get from us is not only our expertise,
but shared expertise from other pediatric
rheumatology centers.
And that way, I think, we're working to change
what's possible for our patients in clinic.
-------------------------------------------
Pourquoi lisons-nous lentement ? - Duration: 4:34.
For more infomation >> Pourquoi lisons-nous lentement ? - Duration: 4:34. -------------------------------------------
Did a Planet Escape the Solar System? - Duration: 3:54.
The solar system has looked pretty much the same for billions of years:
four inner rocky planets, four outer gas giant planets,
plus a bunch of dwarf planets and moons and asteroids and comets zooming around the place.
But it wasn't always like this.
We already know that the outer planets, like Jupiter and Uranus,
probably formed much closer to the Sun than they are now.
And the closer scientists look, the more it seems like
we're still missing some pieces of the planetary puzzle.
Which is why some astronomers think that our solar system might have once had
a whole extra planet that got kicked out as the other planets were shuffling around.
Of course, without a TARDIS, we'll never know the exact conditions
as the solar system was coming together four and a half billion years ago.
But we can use computer simulations to study the past.
Astronomers set up lots of different scenarios for the early solar system,
then simulate what would have happened over time,
based on things like how the gravity from one planet would have affected the others.
If a simulation ends with a solar system that looks a lot like what we see today,
that means the scenario's original setup could be a good model
for what the solar system used to look like.
By using this technique, astronomers developed what's known as the Nice model.
That's the model that suggests that our outer planets originally formed
closer in than they are today.
The disk of gas and dust surrounding the young Sun would've been
a great place for them to form.
Eventually, though, energy from the Sun blew all the gas away,
leaving behind the planets embedded in a rocky disk.
According to the Nice model, the planets then began to move,
but astronomers still aren't sure exactly what that movement looked like.
One possibility is that they moved mostly through encounters
with rocks in the disk called planetesimals.
When one of these rocks passed close to a giant planet,
it would've been thrown into a new orbit by the planet's powerful gravity.
But at the same time, the planet would've moved a tiny bit in the other direction.
Problem is, hurling planetesimals one by one
is a pretty slow way to move through the solar system.
And while the planets were migrating,
their gravity was probably wreaking havoc on the inner solar system.
Researchers have a lot of trouble setting up simulations of this
that end up actually looking like our solar system does today.
One problem is that a lot of the time, the simulations end
with Mars being ejected from the solar system entirely.
So that's clearly wrong.
You can avoid a scenario where Mars zooms away,
if the gas giant planets migrated outward much more quickly.
And that could have happened, if the planets were also slingshotting each other around,
in addition to all the planetesimals.
But even though in those simulations, Mars tends to stick around,
it's not enough to entirely avoid the problem of losing a planet.
A lot of the time, Jupiter just throws out one of its fellow gas giants instead.
Physics-wise, it makes sense: the loss of a planet is what provides the energy
that gets the other planets migrating outward more quickly.
But again, that's obviously not what happened,
because Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are all still here.
So astronomers realized that there had to be something missing
in their picture of the early solar system, like another planet;
one that did get ejected from the solar system, which is why we don't see it anymore.
In one study, when researchers ran thousands of simulations that started with an extra
outer planet, they ended up with a normal-looking solar system about a quarter of the time.
Other investigations have been less conclusive, so we definitely can't say for sure
that our solar system once had an extra planet.
But it is possible, and it would explain a lot.
If it really did exist, this mysterious world was probably an ice giant
with about as much mass as Uranus and Neptune.
And like those planets, it would've formed
somewhere outside the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.
To be clear, though, wherever it is now,
it's not the Planet Nine you'll sometimes hear people talk about.
If it exists, Planet Nine probably got its current orbit
hundreds of millions of years earlier.
Our lost giant would've joined the billions of other rogue planets
drifting through the galaxy on their own, unconnected to any star.
By now, it would've traveled so far that we'd never be able to identify it
as one of our long-lost neighbors.
In fact, we'll probably never know for sure whether it even existed.
The best we can do is come up with better simulations,
and look at other star systems for clues.
If we're still trying to figure out how many planets our solar system
started out with, who knows what else we have left to discover?
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space,
and thank you especially to our patrons on Patreon who make this show possible.
If you want to help us keep making episodes like this, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
And don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishowspace and subscribe!
-------------------------------------------
WHAT IS ROYALE PREMIER LEAGUE? | RPL | Clash Royale League - Duration: 4:03.
What is Royale Premier League?
I started streaming it and I'm going to explain what RPL is in this video.
What is Royale Premier League?
What is it?
RPL?
There is a Royale Premier League Europe and there is a Royale Premier League North America.
And it's basically a league tournament.
And first of all, it doesn't really matter where you're in the world.
You can participate in both of these tournaments if you like.
It's more a matter of time-zones.
Now I'm currently hosting, or I just started hosting the RPL, the Royale Premier League
Europa.
And this one is in season 2.
Season 2 just started.
and it's 16 teams playing in season 2.
How does it work?
What are the rules?
Let me quickly explain you the rules of RPL and then I will also tell you how participate
in Royale Premier League if you're interested.
And also all the information you need is of course in the video description.
Check out the homepage of Royale Premier League where you find more information on that tournament.
As I said, we are currently in the group phase of RPL EUROPA.
16 teams playing.
Those 16 teams right now are battling in 4 groups.
Group A, B, C and D. They fight in three battles of course, because it's 4 teams in a group
and the maximum points you can get if you win all of those matches is three points in
the group phase.
And then after the group phase the top teams will progress into a bracket final tournament.
And at the end of that tournament they will win a prize, I was told.
A big prize I was told.
How does it work in the group phase?
Basically the teams meat in a clan and they battle.
And 5 people play against 5 people per team.
Basically 5 people will battle and the first team to win 3 times will win the set.
Then the first team to win 2 sets will win the match.
That's how it's setup in the group phase.
And there is a special rule: when you lose a set you can chose a card to be banned in
the next set.
And all those matches are usually hosted on Monday to Thursday and Sunday.
There's always one match on Monday to Thursday and four matches on Sundays.
And they are streamed by different streamers.
It's streamed in French, Spanish and English.
Again I'm the streamer of the English RPL EUROPA.
Of course I won't be able to stream all of the matches but I think it's great content
by great players we get.
We're really going to see the top league players here in RPL EUROPA in that league.
So I'm really proud to bring you that content.
I would be proud to have people I know from my stream also play in the RPL and also play
with a team.
So what does it take to be in the RPL?
Because season 2 has already started, you can't join season 2 anymore.
But I was told there will be a season 3.
You need at least 5 players to participate in the tournament.
To build a team you need at least 5 players.
And you need a team leader.
That's the one who will coordinate with the administrators and make sure your team is
there on time when they have a match.
And then all the info will be on the RPL webpage.
Again the link is in the video description.
So I hope you enjoyed this information.
To get more high quality Clash Royale content, please consider subscribing to my youtube
channel.
Thanks.
Have an awesome day.
-------------------------------------------
Neuroscientist Shows What Fasting Does To Your Brain & Why Big - health - Duration: 9:32.
Neuroscientist Shows What Fasting Does To Your Brain & Why Big Pharma Won�t Study
It
Below is a TEDx talk given by Mark Mattson, the current Chief of the Laboratory of Neuroscience
at the National Institute on Aging. He is also a professor of Neuroscience at The Johns
Hopkins University, and one of the foremost researchers of the cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying multiple neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson�s and Alzheimer�s
disease.
I�d like to address the Big Pharma issue first, since there have been countless examples
of research manipulation at the hands of pharmaceutical companies in recent years. This is why Harvard
Professor of Medicine Arnold Symour Relman told the world that the medical profession
has been bought by the pharmaceutical industry. It�s why Dr. Richard Horton, Editor in Chief
of The Lancet, recently stated that much of the scientific literature published today
is false. It�s why Dr. Marcia Angell, former Editor in Chief of The New England Journal
of Medicine, said that the �pharmaceutical industry likes to depict itself as a research-based
industry, as the source of innovative drugs. Nothing could be further from the truth.�
And it�s why John Ioannidis, an epidemiologist at the Stanford University School of Medicine,
published an article titled �Why Most Published Research Findings Are False,� which subsequently
became the most widely accessed article in the history of the Public Library of Science
(PLoS).
Dr. Mattson also addresses this issue toward the end of his video:
Why is it that the normal diet is three meals a day plus snacks? It isn�t that it�s
the healthiest eating pattern, now that�s my opinion but I think there is a lot of evidence
to support that. There are a lot of pressures to have that eating pattern, there�s a lot
of money involved. The food industry � are they going to make money from skipping breakfast
like I did today? No, they�re going to lose money. If people fast, the food industry loses
money. What about the pharmaceutical industries? What if people do some intermittent fasting,
exercise periodically and are very healthy, is the pharmaceutical industry going to make
any money on healthy people?
Lecture Summary and the Science to Go With It
Mark and his team have published several papers that discuss how fasting twice a week could
significantly lower the risk of developing both Parkinson�s and Alzheimer�s disease.
�Dietary changes have long been known to have an effect on the brain. Children who
suffer from epileptic seizures have fewer of them when placed on caloric restriction
or fasts. It is believed that fasting helps kick-start protective measures that help counteract
the overexcited signals that epileptic brains often exhibit. (Some children with epilepsy
have also benefited from a specific high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.) Normal brains, when
overfed, can experience another kind of uncontrolled excitation, impairing the brain�s function,
Mattson and another researcher reported in January in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience.�
(source)
Basically, when you take a look at caloric restriction studies, many of them show a prolonged
lifespan as well as an increased ability to fight chronic disease. According to a review
of fasting literature conducted in 2003, �Calorie restriction (CR) extends life span and retards
age-related chronic diseases in a variety of species, including rats, mice, fish, flies,
worms, and yeast. The mechanism or mechanisms through which this occurs are unclear.�
The work presented below, however, is now showing some of these mechanisms that were
previously unclear.
Fasting does good things for the brain, and this is evident by all of the beneficial neurochemical
changes that happen in the brain when we fast. It improves cognitive function and stress
resistance, increases neurotrophic factors, and reduces inflammation.
Fasting is a challenge to your brain, and your brain responds to that challenge by adapting
stress response pathways that help your brain cope with stress and disease risk. The same
changes that occur in the brain during fasting mimic the changes that occur with regular
exercise � both increase the production of protein in the brain (neurotrophic factors),
which in turn promotes the growth of neurons, the connection between neurons, and the strength
of synapses.
As he explains in the video, �Challenges to your brain, whether it�s intermittent
fasting [or] vigorous exercise . . . is cognitive challenges. When this happens neuro-circuits
are activated, levels of neurotrophic factors increase, that promotes the growth of neurons
[and] the formation and strengthening of synapses.�
Fasting can also stimulate the production of new nerve cells from stem cells in the
hippocampus. He also mentions how fasting stimulates the production of ketones, an energy
source for neurons, and that it may also increase the number of mitochondria in neurons. Fasting
also increases the number of mitochondria in nerve cells, since neurons adapt to the
stress of fasting by producing more mitochondria.
By increasing the number of mitochondria in the neurons, the ability for nerons to form
and maintain the connections between each other also increases, thereby improving learning
and memory ability.
�Intermittent fasting enhances the ability of nerve cells to repair DNA.�
He also goes into the evolutionary aspect of this theory, explaining how our ancestors
adapted and were built for going long periods of time without food.
A study published in the June 5 issue of Cell Stem Cell by researchers from the University
of Southern California showed that cycles of prolonged fasting protect against immune
system damage and, moreover, induce immune system regeneration. They concluded that fasting
shifts stem cells from a dormant state to a state of self-renewal, triggering stem cell
based regeneration of an organ or system (source).
Human clinical trials were conducted using patients who were receiving chemotherapy.
For long periods of time, patients did not eat, which significantly lowered their white
blood cell counts. In mice, fasting cycles � �flipped a regenerative switch,� changing
the signalling pathways for hematopoietic stem cells, which are responsible for the
generation of blood and immune systems.�
This means that fasting kills off old and damaged immune cells, and when the body rebounds,
it uses stem cells to create brand new, completely healthy cells.
�We could not predict that prolonged fasting would have such a remarkable effect in promoting
stem cell-based regeneration of the heatopoietic system. . . . When you starve, the system
tries to save energy, and one of the things it can do to save energy is to recycle a lot
of the immune cells that are not needed, especially those that may be damaged. What we started
noticing in both our human work and animal work is that the white blood cell count goes
down with prolonged fasting. Then when you re-feed, the blood cells come back. �
� Valter Longo, corresponding author
A scientific review of multiple scientific studies regarding fasting was published in
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2007. It examined a multitude of both human
and animal studies and determined that fasting is an effective way to reduce the risk of
cardiovascular disease and cancer. It also showed significant potential in treating diabetes.
Before You Fast
Before you fast, make sure you do your research. Personally, I�ve been fasting for years,
so it is something that comes easy for me.
One recommended way of doing it, which was tested by the BBC�s Michael Mosley in order
to reverse his diabetes, high cholesterol, and other problems associated with his obesity,
is what is known as the �5:2 Diet.� On the 5:2 plan, you cut your food down to one-fourth
of your normal daily calories on fasting days (about 600 calories for men and about 500
for women), while consuming plenty of water and tea. On the other five days of the week,
you can eat normally.
Another way to do it, as mentioned above, is to restrict your food intake between the
hours of 11am and 7pm daily, while not eating during the hours outside of that time.
Ultimately, a proper diet remains critical to good health, and how you think about what
you are putting in your body is an important piece of that puzzle, which I believe will
eventually be established in the unbiased and uninfluenced medical literature of the
future.
Below is a video of Dr. Joseph Mercola explaining the benefits of intermittent fasting, and
here is a great article by him that explains how he believes intermittent fasting can help
you live a healthier life.
-------------------------------------------
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-------------------------------------------
2009-2014 F150 Tonno Pro Hard Fold Tonneau Cover Review & Install - Duration: 6:25.
Hey, everybody, I'm Alex with americanmuscle.com.
Today I'm bringing you my detailed review and installation of Tonno Pro's Hard Fold
Tonneau Cover, fitting all 2009 through 2014 F-150s with a six and a half foot bed.
So, if you're watching this video, you're likely in the market for a tonneau cover,
and if you're unsure what these are gonna do or at least give your truck in terms of
a utilitarian and styling perspective, I'm gonna give you a couple firm points here.
First and foremost, just like I had said, a tonneau cover is something that I think
every truck should have coming right off of the dealership lot, something that's just
gonna simplify and give the rear end of your truck a little bit more of a streamlined execution.
So, aside from the great looks that a tonneau cover is gonna give the rear end of your truck,
making it look that much more streamlined with its heavy-duty, tear-resistant, marine
grade fabric, this is gonna be able to protect your gear, or tools, or anything that you're
hauling from any type of elements out there, be it rain, sleet, or snow, but, most importantly,
it's gonna keep prying eyes off of your belongings.
But the main point and something that I really like about this style of cover is gonna be
the fact that it is gonna have a tri-fold design, which is very convenient in the event
that you need to get out of your truck on the side of the road, simply pop it up and
grab something out of the rear, or if you're gonna be hauling some two by fours or anything
that sticks out.
Now, finally, guys, it's been widely said and argued out there.
And most, if not all, of tonneau covers out there are gonna say that they're gonna help
aid in your fuel consumption.
That's gonna be due to the fact that by installing a tonneau cover on the rear of your bed, you're
gonna be creating a less drag coefficient and air is gonna travel over the back.
I am absolutely not saying that by installing this you're gonna save $10, $15, $20 at the
pump.
It's just something that I'm gonna throw out there, because if you've bought a truck, it
likely wasn't for the stellar gas mileage as you're probably using it for more utilitarian
activities.
All right, guys, so now that you know why you might wanna get into a tonneau cover,
let's talk some specifics of this one here in question today.
This is Tonno Pro's Hard Folding Tonneau Cover.
I have this exact version on my own 2014 with a soft style.
Up top, this is gonna be that much more durable than what I'm working with here, and I gotta
tell you right on the table here, this is definitely a very heavy piece of equipment.
It's very sturdily produced and built, but one thing that I really like about this specific
design, again, is the fact that how convenient it is to operate in the event that I'm throwing
some lumber in that needs to stick out or if I wanna go completely open or three quarters
of the way open.
Again, I can't stress in just how convenient it is just to simply fold it up when I need
to or close it when I simply have to do.
Now, before we even get into the pricing, it's worth pointing out that the skeleton
of this frame is gonna be comprised of a combination of 6063 aluminum, as well as having the aluminum
sub-panels here.
And something that I really like about this in comparison to other covers out there which
have a steel frame is that, while this is gonna be light, it's still gonna be heavier,
but you're not gonna have to worry about that frame rusting or deteriorating over time,
as this is then gonna be finished up in a black powder coated finish.
But what you're essentially paying for is not gonna be underneath, it's gonna be up
top, which is gonna be Tonno Pro's 24-ounce, marine grade, triple-stitch, tear-resistant
vinyl.
Again, I have the soft version on my own truck.
It's held up very well over the past three seasons.
But, again, not only that, it's gonna be the convenience, that access with this tri-fold
design, as well as having Tonno Pro's latch system.
So, in comparison to some of the other styles out there, I would run this sucker right up
against UnderCover's tonneau cover, which you're gonna see is gonna top about $800,
and that's gonna be due to the materials used, which is gonna feature a little bit more of
a polymer construction.
It's gonna have the same design, but the one main difference between this and UnderCover's
is that their design is gonna make their tonneau cover sit a little bit more flush in the bed
rails, whereas with this tonneau cover and most, if not all, others out there, it's gonna
pop up slightly, but it's not really something that's ever bothered me in the past, and it's
just something to keep in mind.
So, like I said earlier, this is gonna be a premium option.
You should expect to be spending about $530 to get into this cover, which, in my opinion,
is gonna be pretty aggressively priced for that style, that functionality, and the tough
materials here.
So, at the end of the day, I honestly don't think it's gonna be hurting your wallet.
It's a small price to pay to be protecting your investment as well as anything that you're
gonna be hauling around and keeping that safe from the elements.
So, one of the great things I really like about Tonno Pro's folding option here is that
this is gonna install without doing any type of modification to your bed rails or taking
a drill to your truck, and for that, I will be giving this a very easy 1 out of 3 wrenches
on the difficulty meter and about a 15 to a 20-minute install time.
But I will mention that, because this is the hard style cover, it is significantly heavier
than the soft style and make sure just to get a second set of hands to simply get this
on your bed rails before you start to tighten everything down.
And, being said, it's not really gonna be something that's gonna take an arm and a leg
or that much effort to get it out of the box and onto your truck.
Again, a second set of hands will go that much further, but you're not gonna need any
type of tools.
And to get this on, you're simply gonna get it right onto your bed rails, move this all
the way up towards the front of your cab, and then simply start unfolding it.
When you get to the first fold, you're gonna have a latching system that's gonna go right
underneath your bed rails.
Once those are secured, keep on moving back.
Once that's secured, then you're really not looking at anything else, again, a very easy
1 out of 3 wrenches in the difficulty meter and about a 5 to 10-minute job.
With my soft Pro cover, it honestly took me more time to physically get it out of the
box than it did onto my bed rails and installed.
All right, guys, so just to wrap things up here, if you're the F-150 owner that is after
one of the most recognized tonneau cover brands, a premium build quality, something that's
definitely gonna be very sturdy, I would highly recommend checking this out in order to protect
your gear and to keep prying eyes off of your stuff.
All right, guys, that's my detailed review, breakdown, and installation of Tonno Pro's
Hard Fold Tonneau Cover, fitting all 2009 through 2014 F-150s with a six and a half
foot bed, which could be find right here at americanmuscle.com.
-------------------------------------------
3 Former NYPD Officers & Former NY Assistant DA Arrested In Connection W/ Gun License Bribery Scheme - Duration: 24:03.Good morning.
My name is Joon Kim. I'm the Acting United States Attorney
for the Southern District of New York. We're here today to announce
more charges and convictions in our ongoing investigation
into corruption at the NYPD's Gun License Division.
We continue today what we started
a year ago. Last June, we announced charges against 2 members
of the NYPD's Gun License Division for accepting bribes
in exchange for licences. We were not done.
Our investigation continued, as did our determination
to aggressively pursue public corruption wherever we find it,
and to follow the facts wherever they may lead us.
And this is where they have led: alleged corruption
that pervaded the License Division up to its senior levels,
alleged corruption that spawned a cottage industry of
bribers masquerading as so-called expediters.
The industry of parasitic profiteers
allegedly included a number of former police officers, as well as
a former Brooklyn Assistant District Attorney. First, let me identify
the people we have charged. We charged and arrested today,
3 former Police Officers: Lieutenant Paul Dean,
who until recently was the 2nd in command at the License Division,
former Police Officer Robert Espinel who worked
in the License Division until his retirement last year,
and Gaetano Valastro, a former NYPD Detective,
and now, a gun license expediter, and owner of a gun store.
In a separate complaint, we charged John Chambers;
a lawyer and a former Brooklyn prosecutor who advertized himself
as the top firearms licensing attorney in New York.
In addition to these 4 individuals charged and arrested today,
we unseal the guilty pleas of former NYPD Sergeant
David Villanueva, and Frank Soohoo, a gun license
expediter, and former auxiliary member of the NYPD.
Villanueva and Soohoo have now pled guilty, and are cooperating
with our Office. This is significant.
These 2, along with former Police Officer Richard Ochetal who
previously pled guilty, have admitted their guilt in Court.
They've accepted responsibility for their corruption, and agreed to tell
the truth at trial about what they did, and what their fellow
officers did. And the information they have provided, along
with the other evidence we have gathered, paint a devastating picture
of pervasive corruption at the Licensing Division.
Lieutenant Dean, Sergeant Villanueva, Officers Espinel, and
Ochetal, 4 officers in the License Division whose job it was
to ensure that gun licenses were issued properly, and
issued only to those who should safely get them, were allegedly
on the take. They were taking bribes from expediters in
just about every form; good old-fashioned cash stuffed in envelopes,
sometimes hidden in magazines, expensive
liquor, luxury watches, free vacations, and even free guns,
and gun paraphernalia. And what did these officers do in exchange
for these bribes? They allegedly sold their oath
to serve and protect. They sold their duty to do their jobs.
They just issued gun licenses to whoever the bribing expediters
brought them without conducting the necessary background checks,
without questioning their need for a gun license, and without following up
on major red flags. Over a hundred gun licences
were issued in this problematic way, including 1 person
who had 10 moving violations, and had been the subject of at least 4
domestic violence complaints, including 1 in which he allegedly threatened to kill
someone. Another person who got a license had prior convictions
for criminal possession of a weapon, and assault with intent to cause injury.
Yet another license holder who had been arrested
for brandishing a gun during an assault, did not have his
gun license revoked. And instead, the gun was returned
to him by Officer Espinel, allegedly in exchange for bribes.
That person then went on to get arrested again for another assault
using a hammer. But none of this troubled or deterred
Lieutenant Dean and Officer Espinel; far from it. They allegedly
got more audacious as time went on. They were not satisfied by
simply taking bribes for licenses. They saw that the
expediters were making more money than they were, sometimes over $10,000 dollars
for each license. As Lieutenant Dean put it in a recorded conversation,
and I quote, "I am done watching people make money
off my back. I'm the one who's signing off on everything,
and watching everybody get cash hand over fist."
Driven by this greed, in late
2015, Lieutenant Dean and Officer Espinel decided to retire from
the NYPD to become, uh, corrupt expediters themselves.
But before they left, they allegedly took steps to guarantee the success
of their scheme. They offered to give a piece of the action
to their colleagues who would still be at the License Division, telling 1 colleague that
his wife should buy a shovel to scoop up all the money
they were going to make. While still with the PD, Dean and Espinel
even did test runs for clients who were willing to pay - pay for gun licenses,
driving them into the underground parking lot at 1 Police Plaza,
bypassing security so that they could get their licenses with no hassle,
or wait. They also recruited into their plot,
former NYPD Detective, and owner of a gun store, Gaetano
Valastro. Valastro allegedly planned to send potential
clients their way, in exchange for those customers being sent to
Valastro's gun store to buy guns, and take firearms training.
(SIC) [As] I mentioned earlier, former police officers were not the only ones
tempted by this scheme to earn riches at the expense of public safety.
So was John Chambers; an Attorney, and former prosecutor
at the Brooklyn DA's Office. Since at least 2010,
Chambers allegedly paid bribes to Officer Villanueva
when Villanueva was in the License Division. The bribes to the form of
cash, of course, but also tickets to Broadway shows, sporting events,
expensive meals, and even an, an $8,000 dollar watch.
In exchange, Chambers' clients who already had gun licenses,
when they got in trouble with the law, Villanueva allegedly agreed to look the other way.
Instead of revoking their licenses, as at times he should have,
Villanueva let them keep their licenses. Or if the licenses were suspended,
he would have the term of the suspension shortened.
Chambers also used his position in the NYPD to help expedite
gun licenses in Nassau County for cash bribes.
Villanueva sent applications from Chambers' clients, to
the Nassau County Police Department under the cover of the N - of NYPD
letterhead, knowing that that would substantially expedite
the review of those applications in Nassau.
Now this diagram here, uh, shows the, the flow of money
uh, from, uh, bribes from the expediters
(down here), uh, to the police officers. It took the form of
cash, liquor, luxury watches, vacations.
And then here, uh, are the lists of the police officers, uh, in,
in their, um - in the hierarchy, and the official actions that they took
in terms of approving, expediting, uh, and upgrading
gun licenses. You'll see the folks in green are people
who've pled guilty, and are cooperating, and the orange is people who have pled
guilty. Public corruption
cases are difficult to make, and police corruption cases
are particularly so. They take not only doggedness, and determination,
but because they involve investigating fellow law enforcement officers,
they take a deep commitment to doing the right thing no matter what,
without fear, or favor. And that is what we had
in our law enforcement partners in this investigation. First, I wanna
thank the FBI, represented here today by William Sweeny,
Assistant Director in Charge of the New York Office. Our partnership with the FBI
is as strong as it has ever been, and we continue to work together
every day to investigate all types of cases, but in particular,
public corruption cases. Specifically, I want to recognize Special Agent
in Charge, Michael McGarriity, Assistant Special Agent in Charge, George
Kasami, Supervisory Special Agent Jared Whitmire, and, and
Special Agents Joseph Downes, Bard Hubbard, and Michael Buschemi.
Second, I wanna thank our partners at the NYPD, represented
here today by its great Commissioner, James O'Neil,
and the Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters, Larry Byrne. I specifically wanna
recognize Internal Affairs Bureau for their fearless commitment to this investigation.
That includes Deputy Commissioner Joe Resnick, Lieutenant Brian Sparber,
and Sergeants Marc Klausner, and Ted Jeremenko.
Let me pause here to say a few words about the NYPD. The NYPD
in our view is the finest police force in the country,
if not the world. They keep us safe every day.
NYPD officers risk their lives so that the rest of us New Yorkers
can go about ours without fear or worry.
We all owe them an incredible debt of gratitude.
When we announce charges against police officers as we do today, it is
never a good day. But today's charges also show in my
view, the strength and greatness of the NYPD. These
charges were made possible only because of the commitment of the IAB.
The investigation was convict - conducted with the unwavering, uh, support of the Department's
leadership, and the NYPD has taken steps to reform and fix
the License division. All of that shows that the NYPD is
prepared to police its own, and committed to living up to the principle
that no one is above the law; and that is a great thing
for the NYPD, and for the city. Finally, I
wanna thank the investigators and career prosecutors in my Office who have worked on
this important case: Assistant U.S. Attorneys Russell Capone, Kan Nawaday,
and Lauren Schorr, supervised by Andrew Goldstein, and Tatiana Martins,
the Chiefs of our Public Corruption Unit. Our Public Corruption
Unit, as most of you know, has been incredibly active, and
successful, over the last few years, and they continue to be
as committed as ever to their mission of fighting corruption.
For the police officers and expediters charged in this cases, the critically
important police function of issuing and controlling gun licenses
was one they alleged were willing to pervert for personal profit.
When police officers violate their oath in this alleged way,
they not only betray the public they were sworn to protect, but their fellow officers
who do their jobs the right way day in, and day out,
remaining faithful to the duties they owe to the public, and to each other.
Thank you. Now let me bring to the podium, um, William Sweeny,
from the FBI. (William) Thank you Joon.
Good morning.
Law enforcement officials are granted authority to uphold the fundamental rule
of law. But any abuse of its power, no matter
how great, or how small, is nothing short of a crime.
Today's detail by the Acting U.S. Attorney, a series of gun
expediters, and former NYPD officers of various ranks,
face charges of bribery and conspiracy, among other things,
for their alleged role in unjustly approving gun permits, and receiving
bribes, or offering bribes, in exchange for special favors.
In many cases, as alleged, renewal
applications were expedited, incident investigations were resolved more quickly
than usual, and beneficial resolutions were reached regarding these incident
investigations, that might not otherwise have been.
As alleged today, the processing of gun permits, at the behest of gun expediters,
did not come without a significant risk to public safety.
As alleged, in one particular incident, the NYPD's License Division hit
a road block while processing a request for an applicant with a significant
criminal history. Instead of denying this individual a license,
the approval was pushed through by some involved in this scheme.
To make matters worse, the applicant's brother was also approved for a license
so that he could purchase a gun on behalf of the applicant without scrutiny from
a gun seller who would be required to conduct an FBI background check.
This detour, and judgement, among other similar decisions by those charged,
is what leads us here today. Not only does the
behavior of the alleged today threaten safety of our community, it also runs the risk
of eroding the public's perception of the law enforcement community, overall.
It's a narrative we'd like to confront head on, and it's actions that we will not tolerate.
The NYPD is an exceptional organization.
The overwhelming majority of NYPD officers who willingly protect
our city every day no matter what the risk, should not
be associated with a select few, who as charged, placed a
higher priority on satisfying their desires, than upholding the law.
The FBI received significant assistance - essential assistance from
the NYPD's Internal Affairs Bureau during the course of the investigation, which
should serve as a reminder to everybody of the Department's dedication to bringing
justice to those who refuse to abide by proper standards of conduct.
I'd like to thank our partners involved in this investigation, especially the U.S. Attorney's
Office, but in particular, the NYPD. Uh, your leadership,
uh, your partnership, have been exceptional, and we'd like to thank you (unintelligible).
Thank you Commissioner.
(Joon) Now I'll bring to the podium, uh, Commissioner O'Neil.
(James) Hey, good morning everyone.
This case was developed as part of a long-term joint investigation by the NYPD's
Internal Affairs Bureau, the FBI, and the U.S. Attorney's Office.
I'd like to thank the men and women of the FBI's New York Field Office, especially
Assistant Director in Charge, uh, Bill Sweeny, and the staff
of the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Joon Kim, for their integrity, and
professionalism, throughout this investigation. The NYPD
has tremendous working relationships with our law enforcement partners at the
local, State, and Federal levels. So for that, I thank you.
To be sure, today's announcement is not a happy occasion for any of us in the New York City
Police Department. As I speak about all the time, just about every
police officer in the NYPD took this job for the right reason; to fight crime
and kep people safe. We took these jobs to make a positive difference in
the lives of New Yorkers. We took these jobs to do good. But when
we as an agency, or as individuals, fall short of that ambition,
when members of our Department betray the public's trust through intentional illegal acts,
it erodes the confidence, the faith, and the good will, every other member
of the Department has worked so hard to earn from the millions and millions of people
we (unintelligible) serve every day as an agency, and as a society,
we have an obligation to investigate those betrayals of trust.
Under the guidance of Deputy Commissioner Joe Resnick, NYPD
has the most professional Internal Affairs Unit of any police department I know.
He, and his investigators, perform a necessary function, and we always
follow a case wherever that has taken us. At the culmination of such investigations,
we have an obligation to you to be transparent. We have a duty
to explain where your public servants went wrong, what our investigation
uncovered, and how we can prevent similar acts from happening again.
As I said, the vast majority of the NYPD is comprised of the
hardest working men and women of the highest integrity I've ever had the privilege to work
alongside. And their good work, their good deeds, their efforts to fight crime, and keep
people safe, are forging lasting bonds with the people we serve -
continue as we speak - in every neighborhood in New York City. Thank you very much.
(Joon) I will take a few questions. (Aside) Alright. Joon, in the
uh, in the Chambers complaint, there's an email (unintelligible)
saying that they have a friend (unintelligible) Dean. Um,
but nobody (unintellgible) as charged. Um, 2 questions.
In terms of coordinating with, uh, the Nassau Police Commissioner,
and formerly conclude that you found no criminal
culpability in this briber's scheme of anyone in the Nassau PD.
(Joon) Um, I'm not gonna comment more on, um, the
Nassau PD beyond what's, uh, in the complaint. Um,
uh, the, the complaint generally talks about, uh, uh,
sending, uh, applications for Chambers' Nassau clients.
under, um, the letterhead of an NYPD License Division with an understanding
that that would, uh, result in expedited, um,
uh, approvals. Um, that's, uh, for the time being, the
- uh, largely the extent of the allegations in the complaint. Um,
and we'll leave it at that. Obviously, uh, this investigation, like, uh, most,
if not all of ours, is ongoing. (Aside) And have you coordinated with the Nassau Police Department?
(Joon) I'm not gonna, uh, discuss that either. (Aside) Along with the (unintelligible) -
uh, cash transactions made; in what way, and where? (Joon) Uh, the cash
transactions, uh, as described in the allegations were, uh -
in the complaint - were handed off (as I said) sometimes in envelopes, sometimes
it's stuck inside magazines. I think they were handed to them at various
locations. I don't know, uh, if there was a, you know, a particular
pattern, or a particular location, that it occurred all the time. But, uh, uh, whatever's in
the complaint is what we're prepared to, uh, share with you right now. (Aside) Speaking of
ongoing investigations, just a quick question relating to (unintelligible)
(unintelligible) sealed. It's discussed in the Court papers that he had
a (unintelligible) donor, uh, regarding
official acts. Uh, what can we receive (unintelligible) regarding on when the
investigation, in terms of an information plea, or charging
(unintelligible)? (Joon) Uh, I don't think, uh, I can - I won't say anything more
than what you recited, and what's already part of the public record as, as you saw.
We, we did issue a statement, uh, about our investigation to City Hall.
I'm not gonna say anything beyond that. (Aside 1) Do you know if that - (Aside 2) Is there
(unintelligible) um, uh, gun sales led to an incline
or gaps, or anything else? (Joon) Um,
we do recite - and as I, I gave a few examples, as did
uh, um, uh, Bill Sweeny - of, um, licenses that were issued
to people who should not have had them. Uh, beyond
what's in the complaint - I don't know if the, uh, Police Department's prepared to share more,
but, um, you know, they're not aware - we're not prepared to discuss
anything more, and some specific crimes that may have been committed by any of the guns.
Patty. (Patty) (unintelligible)?
(Joon) Sorry, I couldn't hear. (Patty) Just to follow up on, on, on your question. Do those
people who should not have obtained their licences do now not have them? (Joon) I believe the
PD has taken, uh, significant remedial measures on - I'll let Commissioner O'Neil talk about that.
(James) i'll talk, uh, about the licenses, and I'll also speak about, uh, some
of the changes that we've made to the License Division. So after extensive
review of licenses implicated in this investigation, it's about
448 licenses [that] were identified by IAB during the course of the investigation,
and suspicious, and warranting further review. 100
license - licenses (most full, and limited carry) were suspended during this investigation.
79 were suspended as a result of the IAB investigation.
The other 12 were previously suspended by the License Division for
unrelated incident - incidents prior to the investigation, and 9
are pending evaluation. 215 licenses are currently under review
by the License Division, and 125 Licenses were reviewed,
and found to be issued properly. And [I'll] talk a little bit about the changes we've made to
the, uh - significant changes we've made to the License Division. So we've replaced
all the supervisory staff, and, uh, we increased its supervision.
All personnel at the command level of the Division were replaced, including the Commanding
Officer, the Exec., and Civilian Director. And, uh, we approved
additional staff, including 2 lieutenants, and 4 sergeants; uh, centralization
of authority to approve applications, in contrast to the past practice.
Now only the C.O. and the Exec. O. have the authority to approve new pistol applications.
Special patrolmen application, upgrades of existing licences to a different classification,
or renewal of an existing license. We've also instituted
many preventive measures - preventative measures - specific measures were taken
to prevent a re-occurrence (of course) of what transpired; is their prohibition
of License Division access to any 3rd parties acting as agents,
facilitators, or expediters, elimination of accepting
early tours within the License Division, and prohibition of access to
the License Division by any member of the public, unless a supervisor is present. A number
of other steps that we've taken, but those are the major ones. So, significant changes. Graham?
(Graham) (unintelligible)
the applicants (unintelligible). (James) Yes. Correct. (Graham) The question is how many
(unintelligible)? (James) Larry, do you have that number?
(Larry) For that 4-year (unintelligible) permits, it's, um, less than 3,000.
There are different categories of permits. There's (unintelligible) - (Aside) (unintelligible)?
(James) Yeah, sure. That would be helpful, right? (Larry) Sorry.
There's several different categories of licenses. For a full-carry license,
I believe there are fewer than 3,000 issued. There's a residence license,
a business premises license, licenses for shotguns,
and rifles, who are primarily hunters, and target shooters. Altogether,
I think there are approximately 65 licenses in the different categories,
and they all - every license gets reviewed every 3 years.
The license lasts for 3 years, and then we redo our background check, and update
our investigation. (Aside) When were these changes made, and (unintelligible)
on expediters? (James) I'm gonna have to get you the chronology
of exact - of exactly when the changes were made, but as soon as we found out of the
proprieties within the License Division, we took immediate, immediate steps - (Aside) Over
the last year? (James) right - immediate steps to make sure it didn't happen again. Marcia?
(Aside) (unintelligible) uh, - (James) Hold on. Marcia. I'll get to you in a second, alright?
(Marcia) The partial new, uh, (unintelligible)
Officer Espinel, and what (unintelligible)
(unintelligible) of what they would do (unintelligible)
make money (unintelligible)? (James) I, I didn't know the Lieutenant, or the
Sergeant. I did know the C.O., and, uh, you know, (unintelligible).
I talk about it all the time. I've been a cop for 34 1/2 years, and
by and large, every cop that I've ever had the opportunity to work with is, uh - takes
the job for the right reason. So for something like this to happen, to, to besmirch the names
of, and reputations of the other 36,000, uh,
hard working and courageous men and, and women, you know, it's absolutely appaulsing.
(Aside) Last question. Mr. You, uh, mentioned - you were talking earlier about transparency.
Will, uh, the Department be releasing a written report of,
uh, the investigation, and the measures that you've taken? (James) Yeah, we haven't made
that determination yet. Thank you. (Joon) Thank you everyone.
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