Youtube daily report Jun 26 2017

Since its beginning in 1973, LASER World of PHOTONICS

has continuously enhanced its enormous attraction.

This year around 1300 exhibitors are showcasing the latest groundbreaking technologies.

We are very happy.

We have a new exhibitor record.

This shows how strong the trade fair is, but it also shows how strong the industry is here.

And in the next four days, LASER World of PHOTONICS and the World of Photonics Congress

is the meeting place for the industry.

Photonics is used in almost all industrial areas

from the automotive to the lighting industry through to medicine.

An industry on a strong growth path.

The laser and photonics industry will continue to grow very strongly, because it is an enabeling

technology, that is, a key technology for a lot of other industries, such as mechanical

engineering, medical technology and the automotive industries.

All areas that are very strong in growth, and which means that laser technology will

come up with completely new solutions.

One focus of this year's world leading trade fair is the topic of Photonics 4.0,

digital photonic production.

That's almost self-explanatory.

From the computer via photons into the product.

Additive manufacturing, 3d printing, no tools, directly from the computer design

via photons into the product.

This is the connection and there are very, very many examples of the whole process chain,

almost all processes with lasers, because they are all similar in as far as they can

be excellently combined digitally.

The whole world of photonics.

Until 29 June 2017 at Messe München

For more infomation >> Exhibitor Record - LASER World of PHOTONICS - Duration: 2:03.

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Skoda Octavia - Duration: 0:49.

For more infomation >> Skoda Octavia - Duration: 0:49.

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VW T6 Caravelle - Duration: 1:07.

For more infomation >> VW T6 Caravelle - Duration: 1:07.

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Articles (a, an, the) - Lesson 1 - 7 Rules For Using Articles Correctly - English Grammar - Duration: 16:59.

Hello and welcome.

In this lesson, I will teach you the

seven rules that you need to know for using articles in

English correctly.

Articles are the words 'a', 'an', and 'the'.

There is a final quiz at the end of the lesson for you to

test your understanding.

OK, the first rule is about where to use 'a' and where to

use 'an'.

So rule number one is use 'a' before a consonant

sound, and 'an' before a vowel sound.

So in all of these words – you see that they start with a

consonant sound.

Cat starts with /k/, dog

starts with /d/, boy with /b/, girl with /g/, house with /h/

and tree with /t/.

So we say 'a cat', 'a dog', 'a boy', 'a girl', 'a house', 'a

tree' etc.

Notice that in natural speech, we don't say

'a', we say 'uh' – like 'a cat'.

In this next set of words, you see that, they all start with a

vowel sound – apple starts with /ae/, engineer starts with /e/,

ice-cream with /ai/, old with /o/, umbrella with /uh/.

So we say 'an apple', 'an engineer', 'an ice-cream cone',

'an old woman', 'an umbrella' and so on.

In speech, we don't say 'an', we say /ən/.

Let's do a small exercise.

You see ten items on the screen.

For each one, I want you to say if you would use 'a' or 'an'

before it.

Stop the video, think about it, then play the

video again and check.

OK here are the answers.

Did you get them all right?

I want to focus on items number seven

to ten because these are a little tricky.

Number seven is 'a university' because even

though 'university' starts with the letter 'u' the first sound

of the word is not a vowel sound.

We don't say /ooniversity/.

We say /yoo-nə- vər-si-ty/ so that first sound

is a /y/ sound, which is a consonant sound, so we say 'a

university.'

Number eight is similar.

The word 'European' starts with a

/y/ sound, so 'a European tour.'

In number nine, the spelling has an 'h' at the start but

that 'h' is silent.

We don't say /hau-ər/, we say /au-ər/.

The first sound is an /au/ sound which is a vowel sound,

so this is 'an hour'.

In the same way, in number ten, we say

MA.

'M' starts with an /e/ sound which is again a vowel

sound, so 'an MA in English'.

OK let's move on to rule number two: Use 'a' and 'an' ONLY with

singular, countable nouns.

We say that a noun is countable if we can count it – one, two,

three, four etc.

All of these words on the screen are countable.

We can say one elephant, three cars,

ten teachers, five hundred onions and so on.

Now if you talk about one person or thing,

like one elephant or one car, then that's called a

singular noun and if you say ten teachers or five hundred

onions, those are called plural nouns.

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted in this way.

Nouns like water, sugar, milk, love,

anger, knowledge are some examples.

If you think about it, you cannot say "I drank

four waters" or "I want eight milks".

To a person, you can say "I love you" but you can't

say "I have five loves for you" – that doesn't make any sense.

So these are all uncountable.

Alright, so the rule is - you can only use 'a' and 'an' if

you're talking about one person or one thing.

Let's do another quick exercise.

Here are ten items again.

This time, you see 'a' or 'an' before the nouns, but

some of these are wrong.

They should NOT have 'a' or 'an'

before them.

Stop the video, identify the mistakes, then

play the video again and check.

OK, here are the answers.

Number three is wrong because 'shirts' is a plural and you

cannot use 'a' or 'an' before a plural noun.

Number five is wrong because 'happiness' is

uncountable, so again, 'a' or 'an' cannot be used there.

The same goes for number six –

water is uncountable.

Number nine is wrong because 'doctors'

is a plural – you can say 'a doctor' but not 'a doctors'.

And finally, in number ten, advice is an uncountable noun –

so you cannot ask for 'an advice'.

Now a quick note here: the article 'the' can be used with

all kinds of nouns – singular or plural countable nouns, and

uncountable nouns.

OK, so let's now talk about how to choose between 'a' or 'an'

and 'the'.

Here's rule number three: Use 'a' or 'an' to talk about a

person or thing unknown to your listener.

And use 'the' to talk about a person or thing known

to your listener.

For example, "My sister has two computers: a PC and a laptop.

The PC is quite old but the laptop is brand new."

I say 'a PC' and 'a laptop' because

that's the first time I'm mentioning the two computers.

That is, until this point, they are unknown to you, the

listener.

But now, I can say "The PC is quite old but the

laptop is brand new."

When I say 'the PC', you know which

one I'm talking about: my sister's PC.

And the same thing goes for the laptop.

So the PC and the laptop are now known to

you.

In English, 'a' and 'an' are called indefinite articles

because they talk about something that the listener

doesn't know about.

And 'the' is called the definite article

because the listener knows what you are referring to.

Here's another example: but now, can you fill in the gaps?

It's pretty simple: the first time I mention my tree, I'm

going to say 'a tree': so, "I planted a tree in my garden

last year."

Now you know about the tree, so I can say "The

tree has now grown big."

Now this was easy because we were talking about one tree.

But what if I planted two, three or four trees?

Well you know that we cannot use 'a' or

'an' with plurals.

But we can mention the exact number.

We can say "I planted four trees

in my garden last year."

Or if I don't want to say the number,

I can say "I planted some trees."

And then I can say "The trees have now grown big."

'The' simply means that you know which trees I'm talking

about.

In both of these examples, we first introduce something with

'a' or 'an' or 'some' and then we say 'the' because the

listener knows about them.

But sometimes, you don't need 'a'

or 'an' because your listener will automatically understand

what you are referring to.

For example, "Can you open the window?"

If we're sitting in a room, and if I say this to you,

you will know which window I'm talking about.

Or if I said, "I need to go back home.

I think I left the stove on."

That means, the stove might still be

burning, but which stove?

Well, you can understand from the

situation that I mean the stove in my house.

But this isn't always possible.

For example, if I say "The man is my boss."

You will ask – "Which man is your boss?"

It's confusing.

But what about if I say "The man in the grey suit

is my boss."

you know which one I'm talking about.

So here, we mention a noun with 'the' –

'the man' – and then we give information to identify that

noun – 'in the grey suit'.

Here's one final example: "Where's the money I lent you

last week?"

So I start with 'Where's the money' and then I

say which money – 'the money that I lent you last week'.

OK, let's now talk about rule number four: use 'a' or 'an' to

talk about nonspecific things or people.

What does that mean?

Well, here's an example: "Do you have

a pencil?"

If I ask you this question, then it probably

means I need a pencil to write with.

Now I say 'a pencil' because I mean 'any pencil' - I

don't care about any one specific pencil.

Compare this to the next sentence: "Do you

have the pencil that Kathy gave you?"

Here, I'm referring to a specific pencil.

Here's another example, "I want to buy an apartment" 'An

apartment' means I haven't decided which apartment.

Maybe I haven't even started looking

for one, but I just know that I want to buy some apartment.

But look at this next sentence: "I

want to buy the apartment that we visited."

So you know which apartment I'm talking about.

And here's one last example, "If you're feeling sick, you

should go and see a doctor."

Maybe you're saying this to give advice to a friend who

isn't feeling very well.

Here, we don't mean go and see a

specific doctor – we mean any doctor.

But let's say your friend takes your advice and

goes to a doctor.

When you see your friend again, you might

ask "What did the doctor say?"

Why are we saying 'the doctor'?

Because we mean that specific doctor who the friend visited.

So, notice again that we use 'a' or 'an' when we're talking

about a person or thing in general, and not a specific

person or thing (for that, we use 'the').

Alright, let's move on to rule number five now: use 'a' or

'an' to mention the category or type of a person or thing.

To understand this, I have a small exercise for you.

All of these sentences mention a

category of type of a person or thing.

But they're missing the articles.

I want you to put 'a' or 'an' in the correct place in

each of these sentences.

Stop the video, think about your

answers, then play the video again and check.

OK, in number one - "My car is a 2011 Ford Fusion."

So here, I mention 'my car' and then I

tell you the model of the car – '2011 Ford Fusion' – that is

basically the type of car that it is.

So we use 'a' before it.

Number two is "You can use your TV as a laptop monitor."

Here, the noun phrase 'laptop

monitor' says what type of thing your TV can be used as.

In number three, "Jim's daughter is an intelligent

girl."

We say what type of girl she is – 'an intelligent girl'.

Number four is "I'd like to become a member of your

library."

After the verb 'become' you see that I'm

saying what category I want to belong to – 'member of the

library'.

For this reason, 'a member'.

We talk about professions in the same way: "I'm a teacher."

(NOT "I'm teacher").

A person's profession says what category

they belong to, or what type of person they are.

So, you need to have 'a' or 'an' before the

profession.

Similarly, "He worked as a cashier for two

years."

So to mention a type or category, use 'a' or 'an'.

Alright, let's now turn to rule number six.

This rule is about how to make generalizations.

That is, how to talk generally about a whole group or class of

people or things.

So rule number six is generalize with plurals or

uncountable nouns with no article.

On the screen, there are six sentences.

I'd like you to find all the plural and uncountable

nouns.

Stop the video, do the exercise, then play the video

again and check.

OK, in number one, there are two plurals: 'teachers' and

'students'.

Here, we are not talking about any one teacher

or one student in particular.

We're saying that all teachers should be friendly to all

students.

In number two, 'dolphins' is a plural noun.

We're using it to say, generally, that all

dolphins are intelligent.

In number three, 'horror movies'

is what I'm generalizing about.

I'm saying I hate all horror movies – not a particular one.

In sentence number four, 'coffee' is an uncountable

noun, and we use no article before it because, again, we

want to ask if Pablo likes coffee in general.

Number five has two uncountable nouns in

'exercise' and 'health'.

We don't use any articles before

them because this is a general statement of fact or truth.

And finally, number six is the same

kind of sentence – it also has two uncountable nouns –

'education' and 'life'.

Now this is the common way of generalizing.

But there's one another way of doing it.

With countable nouns, you can

generalize by using 'a' or 'an' with a singular countable noun

to mean every single one – that is every member of a group.

For example: "A teacher should be friendly to his or her

students."

It has the roughly same meaning as when we say

'teachers' but it's slightly different because it's like

saying "Every teacher should be friendly to his or her

students."

Here's one more example: "The dolphin is a very

intelligent animal."

Again, same meaning as saying

"Dolphins" but we mean 'every dolphin'.

So remember that this form – generalizing with 'a', 'an' or

'the' can only be used with singular countable nouns AND

when we mean 'every single one'.

So I cannot say "I don't enjoy watching a horror movie

or the horror movie."

Here, only the plural form is

possible.

It's the same thing with all the other sentences.

OK, let's now talk about rule number seven: and that is where

to use NO article.

This is very important and this is one place where mistakes are

very common because there are many situations where you

should NOT use an article.

In a separate lesson we will focus

on all of these situations but here's a short list.

We use NO article in front of proper nouns – that is names of

people or places.

We don't say 'a Steve', 'the Priya' etc.

We just say their names without

'the'.

It's the same thing for places.

However, some place names have 'the' as part of the name.

Such as the United States, the

United Kingdom and so on.

With these, of course, you must use

'the'.

We also usually use no article with names of games and

languages.

Then there are many fixed expressions that have no

article – you have to learn these through experience and

practice to use them correctly.

You see some of these on the screen.

It's a good idea for you to memorize as many of

these as possible.

Alright, if you're ready, now it's time for a quiz to see if

you can use articles correctly.

On the screen, you see some sentences with blanks in them.

In each blank, I want you to put 'a', 'an', 'the' or 'no

article'.

That symbol – a zero with a line through it is just

to say 'no article'.

OK, stop the video, try the exercise,

then play the video and check.

OK, here are the answers.

You can stop the video and check

them with your answers if you like.

In the comments section, let me know how you many got

correct.

If you're not sure about any of these, feel free

to ask me in the comments and I will help you out.

Alright, I hope you enjoyed this lesson.

If you liked this video, hit the like button.

Don't forget to subscribe to this channel by clicking that

subscribe button.

And I will see you in the next lesson

soon.

For more infomation >> Articles (a, an, the) - Lesson 1 - 7 Rules For Using Articles Correctly - English Grammar - Duration: 16:59.

-------------------------------------------

Articles (a, an, the) - Lesson 1 - 7 Rules For Using Articles Correctly - English Grammar - Duration: 16:59.

Hello and welcome.

In this lesson, I will teach you the

seven rules that you need to know for using articles in

English correctly.

Articles are the words 'a', 'an', and 'the'.

There is a final quiz at the end of the lesson for you to

test your understanding.

OK, the first rule is about where to use 'a' and where to

use 'an'.

So rule number one is use 'a' before a consonant

sound, and 'an' before a vowel sound.

So in all of these words – you see that they start with a

consonant sound.

Cat starts with /k/, dog

starts with /d/, boy with /b/, girl with /g/, house with /h/

and tree with /t/.

So we say 'a cat', 'a dog', 'a boy', 'a girl', 'a house', 'a

tree' etc.

Notice that in natural speech, we don't say

'a', we say 'uh' – like 'a cat'.

In this next set of words, you see that, they all start with a

vowel sound – apple starts with /ae/, engineer starts with /e/,

ice-cream with /ai/, old with /o/, umbrella with /uh/.

So we say 'an apple', 'an engineer', 'an ice-cream cone',

'an old woman', 'an umbrella' and so on.

In speech, we don't say 'an', we say /ən/.

Let's do a small exercise.

You see ten items on the screen.

For each one, I want you to say if you would use 'a' or 'an'

before it.

Stop the video, think about it, then play the

video again and check.

OK here are the answers.

Did you get them all right?

I want to focus on items number seven

to ten because these are a little tricky.

Number seven is 'a university' because even

though 'university' starts with the letter 'u' the first sound

of the word is not a vowel sound.

We don't say /ooniversity/.

We say /yoo-nə- vər-si-ty/ so that first sound

is a /y/ sound, which is a consonant sound, so we say 'a

university.'

Number eight is similar.

The word 'European' starts with a

/y/ sound, so 'a European tour.'

In number nine, the spelling has an 'h' at the start but

that 'h' is silent.

We don't say /hau-ər/, we say /au-ər/.

The first sound is an /au/ sound which is a vowel sound,

so this is 'an hour'.

In the same way, in number ten, we say

MA.

'M' starts with an /e/ sound which is again a vowel

sound, so 'an MA in English'.

OK let's move on to rule number two: Use 'a' and 'an' ONLY with

singular, countable nouns.

We say that a noun is countable if we can count it – one, two,

three, four etc.

All of these words on the screen are countable.

We can say one elephant, three cars,

ten teachers, five hundred onions and so on.

Now if you talk about one person or thing,

like one elephant or one car, then that's called a

singular noun and if you say ten teachers or five hundred

onions, those are called plural nouns.

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted in this way.

Nouns like water, sugar, milk, love,

anger, knowledge are some examples.

If you think about it, you cannot say "I drank

four waters" or "I want eight milks".

To a person, you can say "I love you" but you can't

say "I have five loves for you" – that doesn't make any sense.

So these are all uncountable.

Alright, so the rule is - you can only use 'a' and 'an' if

you're talking about one person or one thing.

Let's do another quick exercise.

Here are ten items again.

This time, you see 'a' or 'an' before the nouns, but

some of these are wrong.

They should NOT have 'a' or 'an'

before them.

Stop the video, identify the mistakes, then

play the video again and check.

OK, here are the answers.

Number three is wrong because 'shirts' is a plural and you

cannot use 'a' or 'an' before a plural noun.

Number five is wrong because 'happiness' is

uncountable, so again, 'a' or 'an' cannot be used there.

The same goes for number six –

water is uncountable.

Number nine is wrong because 'doctors'

is a plural – you can say 'a doctor' but not 'a doctors'.

And finally, in number ten, advice is an uncountable noun –

so you cannot ask for 'an advice'.

Now a quick note here: the article 'the' can be used with

all kinds of nouns – singular or plural countable nouns, and

uncountable nouns.

OK, so let's now talk about how to choose between 'a' or 'an'

and 'the'.

Here's rule number three: Use 'a' or 'an' to talk about a

person or thing unknown to your listener.

And use 'the' to talk about a person or thing known

to your listener.

For example, "My sister has two computers: a PC and a laptop.

The PC is quite old but the laptop is brand new."

I say 'a PC' and 'a laptop' because

that's the first time I'm mentioning the two computers.

That is, until this point, they are unknown to you, the

listener.

But now, I can say "The PC is quite old but the

laptop is brand new."

When I say 'the PC', you know which

one I'm talking about: my sister's PC.

And the same thing goes for the laptop.

So the PC and the laptop are now known to

you.

In English, 'a' and 'an' are called indefinite articles

because they talk about something that the listener

doesn't know about.

And 'the' is called the definite article

because the listener knows what you are referring to.

Here's another example: but now, can you fill in the gaps?

It's pretty simple: the first time I mention my tree, I'm

going to say 'a tree': so, "I planted a tree in my garden

last year."

Now you know about the tree, so I can say "The

tree has now grown big."

Now this was easy because we were talking about one tree.

But what if I planted two, three or four trees?

Well you know that we cannot use 'a' or

'an' with plurals.

But we can mention the exact number.

We can say "I planted four trees

in my garden last year."

Or if I don't want to say the number,

I can say "I planted some trees."

And then I can say "The trees have now grown big."

'The' simply means that you know which trees I'm talking

about.

In both of these examples, we first introduce something with

'a' or 'an' or 'some' and then we say 'the' because the

listener knows about them.

But sometimes, you don't need 'a'

or 'an' because your listener will automatically understand

what you are referring to.

For example, "Can you open the window?"

If we're sitting in a room, and if I say this to you,

you will know which window I'm talking about.

Or if I said, "I need to go back home.

I think I left the stove on."

That means, the stove might still be

burning, but which stove?

Well, you can understand from the

situation that I mean the stove in my house.

But this isn't always possible.

For example, if I say "The man is my boss."

You will ask – "Which man is your boss?"

It's confusing.

But what about if I say "The man in the grey suit

is my boss."

you know which one I'm talking about.

So here, we mention a noun with 'the' –

'the man' – and then we give information to identify that

noun – 'in the grey suit'.

Here's one final example: "Where's the money I lent you

last week?"

So I start with 'Where's the money' and then I

say which money – 'the money that I lent you last week'.

OK, let's now talk about rule number four: use 'a' or 'an' to

talk about nonspecific things or people.

What does that mean?

Well, here's an example: "Do you have

a pencil?"

If I ask you this question, then it probably

means I need a pencil to write with.

Now I say 'a pencil' because I mean 'any pencil' - I

don't care about any one specific pencil.

Compare this to the next sentence: "Do you

have the pencil that Kathy gave you?"

Here, I'm referring to a specific pencil.

Here's another example, "I want to buy an apartment" 'An

apartment' means I haven't decided which apartment.

Maybe I haven't even started looking

for one, but I just know that I want to buy some apartment.

But look at this next sentence: "I

want to buy the apartment that we visited."

So you know which apartment I'm talking about.

And here's one last example, "If you're feeling sick, you

should go and see a doctor."

Maybe you're saying this to give advice to a friend who

isn't feeling very well.

Here, we don't mean go and see a

specific doctor – we mean any doctor.

But let's say your friend takes your advice and

goes to a doctor.

When you see your friend again, you might

ask "What did the doctor say?"

Why are we saying 'the doctor'?

Because we mean that specific doctor who the friend visited.

So, notice again that we use 'a' or 'an' when we're talking

about a person or thing in general, and not a specific

person or thing (for that, we use 'the').

Alright, let's move on to rule number five now: use 'a' or

'an' to mention the category or type of a person or thing.

To understand this, I have a small exercise for you.

All of these sentences mention a

category of type of a person or thing.

But they're missing the articles.

I want you to put 'a' or 'an' in the correct place in

each of these sentences.

Stop the video, think about your

answers, then play the video again and check.

OK, in number one - "My car is a 2011 Ford Fusion."

So here, I mention 'my car' and then I

tell you the model of the car – '2011 Ford Fusion' – that is

basically the type of car that it is.

So we use 'a' before it.

Number two is "You can use your TV as a laptop monitor."

Here, the noun phrase 'laptop

monitor' says what type of thing your TV can be used as.

In number three, "Jim's daughter is an intelligent

girl."

We say what type of girl she is – 'an intelligent girl'.

Number four is "I'd like to become a member of your

library."

After the verb 'become' you see that I'm

saying what category I want to belong to – 'member of the

library'.

For this reason, 'a member'.

We talk about professions in the same way: "I'm a teacher."

(NOT "I'm teacher").

A person's profession says what category

they belong to, or what type of person they are.

So, you need to have 'a' or 'an' before the

profession.

Similarly, "He worked as a cashier for two

years."

So to mention a type or category, use 'a' or 'an'.

Alright, let's now turn to rule number six.

This rule is about how to make generalizations.

That is, how to talk generally about a whole group or class of

people or things.

So rule number six is generalize with plurals or

uncountable nouns with no article.

On the screen, there are six sentences.

I'd like you to find all the plural and uncountable

nouns.

Stop the video, do the exercise, then play the video

again and check.

OK, in number one, there are two plurals: 'teachers' and

'students'.

Here, we are not talking about any one teacher

or one student in particular.

We're saying that all teachers should be friendly to all

students.

In number two, 'dolphins' is a plural noun.

We're using it to say, generally, that all

dolphins are intelligent.

In number three, 'horror movies'

is what I'm generalizing about.

I'm saying I hate all horror movies – not a particular one.

In sentence number four, 'coffee' is an uncountable

noun, and we use no article before it because, again, we

want to ask if Pablo likes coffee in general.

Number five has two uncountable nouns in

'exercise' and 'health'.

We don't use any articles before

them because this is a general statement of fact or truth.

And finally, number six is the same

kind of sentence – it also has two uncountable nouns –

'education' and 'life'.

Now this is the common way of generalizing.

But there's one another way of doing it.

With countable nouns, you can

generalize by using 'a' or 'an' with a singular countable noun

to mean every single one – that is every member of a group.

For example: "A teacher should be friendly to his or her

students."

It has the roughly same meaning as when we say

'teachers' but it's slightly different because it's like

saying "Every teacher should be friendly to his or her

students."

Here's one more example: "The dolphin is a very

intelligent animal."

Again, same meaning as saying

"Dolphins" but we mean 'every dolphin'.

So remember that this form – generalizing with 'a', 'an' or

'the' can only be used with singular countable nouns AND

when we mean 'every single one'.

So I cannot say "I don't enjoy watching a horror movie

or the horror movie."

Here, only the plural form is

possible.

It's the same thing with all the other sentences.

OK, let's now talk about rule number seven: and that is where

to use NO article.

This is very important and this is one place where mistakes are

very common because there are many situations where you

should NOT use an article.

In a separate lesson we will focus

on all of these situations but here's a short list.

We use NO article in front of proper nouns – that is names of

people or places.

We don't say 'a Steve', 'the Priya' etc.

We just say their names without

'the'.

It's the same thing for places.

However, some place names have 'the' as part of the name.

Such as the United States, the

United Kingdom and so on.

With these, of course, you must use

'the'.

We also usually use no article with names of games and

languages.

Then there are many fixed expressions that have no

article – you have to learn these through experience and

practice to use them correctly.

You see some of these on the screen.

It's a good idea for you to memorize as many of

these as possible.

Alright, if you're ready, now it's time for a quiz to see if

you can use articles correctly.

On the screen, you see some sentences with blanks in them.

In each blank, I want you to put 'a', 'an', 'the' or 'no

article'.

That symbol – a zero with a line through it is just

to say 'no article'.

OK, stop the video, try the exercise,

then play the video and check.

OK, here are the answers.

You can stop the video and check

them with your answers if you like.

In the comments section, let me know how you many got

correct.

If you're not sure about any of these, feel free

to ask me in the comments and I will help you out.

Alright, I hope you enjoyed this lesson.

If you liked this video, hit the like button.

Don't forget to subscribe to this channel by clicking that

subscribe button.

And I will see you in the next lesson

soon.

For more infomation >> Articles (a, an, the) - Lesson 1 - 7 Rules For Using Articles Correctly - English Grammar - Duration: 16:59.

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Duke Summer Faculty Reads: Nancy MacLean - Duration: 2:36.

(Duke graphic)

Hi I'm Nancy MacLean.

"Democracy in Chains" tells a story of how a 60 year old fringe cause has become the

most powerful and feared force in American politics.

The leaders of this cause now refer to themselves as conservatives but their founders were more

truthful.

They are radicals of the right who seek to transform the relationship between you and

your government by undermining the central element of democratic governance, majority

rule.

This cause now operates within the republican party but they are not republicans at least

not the kind that my father voted for all his life and perhaps you have too.

They've simply taken over the machinery of the republican party to achieve their goals.

The book tells the story of the missing figure, the man whose ideas enabled this cause to

go from a fringe proposition to this powerful force that now threatens to shutdown our government

unless it gets its way.

By his own admission, Charles Koch gained little from all that he invested in this cause

from the 1960s onward until he began to adapt the ideas of James McGill Buchanan.

It was Buchanan who taught Koch that for capitalism to thrive, democracy must be unchained.

Who was Buchanan?

What did he understand about the rise of the liberal state that is now informing a strategy

to undermine labor unions, to pass state laws restricting the right to vote to gerrymander

on a scale never seen before?

All of those things.

And why is this cause so determined to eliminate social security, government funding for health

care, public education and even to amend the constitution.

In writing this book, I had one goal in mind, to shine a bright light on the ideas, the

strategy and the end goals of this movement by getting inside the mind of a man who developed

their playbook.

It's a chilling story but one anyone concerned about the future of democracy needs to know."

For more infomation >> Duke Summer Faculty Reads: Nancy MacLean - Duration: 2:36.

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Skoda Octavia - Duration: 0:49.

For more infomation >> Skoda Octavia - Duration: 0:49.

-------------------------------------------

VW T6 Caravelle - Duration: 1:07.

For more infomation >> VW T6 Caravelle - Duration: 1:07.

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The truth about my transition | Riley J. Dennis - Duration: 29:45.

Hey everyone.

So today, the day this video is going live, I'm going to be on my way to San Francisco

in preparation for my facial feminization surgery, or FFS for short.

I debated if I should make this video for a long time.

My desire to share my personal life online has dwindled a lot in recent months, and I

almost just wanted to disappear for a couple weeks, come back with a noticeably different

face, and just not address it.

Lots of things about my personal life are easy to just not mention.

I don't talk about a lot of things online.

But FFS is a bit harder to hide, since my face is in every single one of my videos.

I'm also going to be in San Francisco for two weeks with my girlfriend, and I wanted

to be able to vlog and Snapchat that experience.

So, okay, let me rewind because to understand this decision, I need to give you some backstory

about my time on YouTube.

When I first started making videos, my goal wasn't to be the anti-feminist punching

bag that I am today.

I didn't really make social justice videos even.

I made videos about books and wanted to talk about my life.

I saw that there were communities of smaller YouTubers and I wanted to be a part of that.

Eventually, just because I'm a really opinionated person, I started making videos about my opinions.

Thanks to Everyday Feminism promoting them, those garnered a lot more views than I ever

thought possible.

Of course, with more positive attention came the start of negative attention as well, but

it was tolerable.

The occasional comment attacking my appearance, vaguely-worded death threats in my DMs, one

or two boring response videos.

It wasn't so bad.

I knew that putting myself online would open me up to that sort of thing.

So of course it got under my skin, but it wasn't constant.

It was manageable.

So I still felt like my channel was small enough, and I was unimportant enough, that

I could continue to share my personal life with the world.

I had a mostly positive community supporting me, and I wanted to continue doing the thing

I had always planned to do with my channel -- talk about my life.

But, I want to be clear about something.

I never wanted to talk about being trans on my channel.

In fact, I started my channel before I had even come out to my family or most of my friends.

I was still figuring out my own identity at the time and wasn't completely sure that

I was trans.

So my vision for my channel was never to be a transgender YouTuber documenting my transition.

It was just a place to talk about stuff and find community.

I'm not sure if you're aware, but there are a lot of amazing trans YouTubers out there

who do talk about their transition and document that on their various channels.

I've watched probably every single transition timeline video on YouTube, every 6-month hormone

update, every FFS recovery vlog -- I think those kinds of videos are invaluable.

I needed those videos to figure out who I was, and I know that other trans people rely

on those videos for the same reason.

So huge shout to all the trans YouTubers out there who are brave enough to document their

transition online like that.

But, my goal was never to be one of those channels.

I think they're important and I appreciate them, but that's not what I wanted my channel to be.

And that doesn't make me better than them in anyway, it just means I had a different

vision for my channel.

One thing that I think is extremely important in normalizing queer people is having prominent

queer people in the media just living their lives.

It's great when trans people are out fighting for trans rights and educating people about

trans issues -- but we're not all activists, and we shouldn't have to be.

The media often focuses on the stories of queer people only when those stories are centered

around their queerness.

So you'll probably only see queer people in a movie if they're dealing with coming

out or transitioning or something.

But I want to see more queer people just fucking doing shit that's completely unrelated to being queer.

A coming out story may be important but it is not the only important story that queer

people have to tell.

Queer people are doing amazing important things in the world that have nothing to do with being queer.

Being trans, for me, is not the most important part of my identity, and many other queer

people feel the same way.

But when the world is focused on our queerness, we're rarely allowed to be anything else.

So I think it's important to just have queer people in the media doing their thing.

I want young queer kids to have people to look up to.

I want there to be queer news reporters, queer chefs, queer YouTubers, queer CEOs, queer

politicians -- you know?

Like, when they're not coming out or transitioning, queer people have jobs and family and friends

and opinions and they contribute things to the world that have nothing to do with their

queerness.

And it's important for people to see that queer people are diverse and don't only

exist as coming out stories or transition stories.

So part of my goal with my YouTube channel now that I have come out is just to exist

as a visible trans person on the internet.

I want people to see that trans people are more than just their transition story.

I want young closeted trans kids to see me and realize that those weird feelings they

have about gender are okay.

I want them to know that coming out won't mean that their entire life has to revolve

around being trans.

I want cisgender people to see me and realize that maybe the stereotype of trans people

they have in their head is inaccurate.

I want to talk about politics and social justice and TV shows, and I want to make silly videos

with my girlfriend.

I want to show everyone that trans people can find happy, healthy relationships.

I just want to exist.

I want to be a person on the internet who also happens to be trans.

Of course, sometimes I'm going to talk about trans issues anyway -- because those things

affect me on a daily basis.

I'm not going to be ashamed of being trans and I'm not going to try to hide it.

I deal with a lot of shit just for being trans, and I know a lot of trans people have it wayyyy

worse than me -- so I'm gonna talk about it sometimes.

And as my YouTube channel grew, I started to realize how massively uneducated most people

are about trans issues.

Like, I don't think most people actively and intentionally hate trans people -- I think

most people are just uninformed.

So the solution to that, I think, is to educate them.

So I made more and more videos about trans issues, explaining things calmly and citing

all my sources, hoping to get people to just think about this stuff.

At the same time, the harassment I was receiving was getting worse and worse.

It became constant -- tweets, messages, emails all day every day insulting my appearance

and my intelligence and misgendering me and telling me to kill myself -- it was too much.

So I started sharing less about my personal life online.

I talked about trans people as a distant concept instead of talking about my own personal experiences.

I thought that if I didn't give people the ammo to talk about my personal life, they wouldn't.

I could not have been more wrong.

The reaction from people was largely to pry even further into my personal life.

In fact, people started making assumptions about my private life that were just entirely untrue.

So I shut off even further.

I refused to talk about my transition online at all, whereas I used to casually mention it.

And people just kept speculating.

Entire communities sprung up around hating me and discussing how I'm not really a "True Trans".

It was and still is very obsessive and creepy to me, honestly

But I got to this point where I was determined to not talk about my personal life or my transition at all.

These people who vehemently hate me and make videos misgendering me and insulting me and

making assumptions about my personal life -- they feel entitled to information about my personal life.

But I don't owe them that.

I don't owe anyone that.

What happens in my personal life is nobody's business but my own.

What medications I take, what surgeries I have, what steps I take to transition -- all

of that is my business and nobody else is entitled to that -- especially not strangers

on the internet.

I have every right to keep all of that information to myself.

And so when it came to FFS, even after I scheduled the date, I still didn't want to talk about my transition.

I could just let people continue to speculate.

I didn't have any obligation to address it.

But eventually I decided that I wanted to.

Like I said earlier, I just didn't want to disappear for two weeks and act like nothing happened.

Omitting things from my online life is easy.

I do a lot of things in my day-to-day life that I don't tweet about or make videos about.

But a big surgery like this where I have to go stay in San Francisco for two weeks felt

too major to leave out.

I want to be able to talk about my life online, and I'm not going to let some assholes on

the internet take that from me.

But I'm also not going to document the entire process or give you details about it or answer

questions about it.

For me, this is a very personal thing, and I don't want to share it with the world.

I'm asking all of you to please respect that.

The reason I really hate talking about this, though, is because several large YouTubers

have been peddling the myth that I'm not really trans for well over a year now.

They say I'm not a True Trans because they claim I'm not taking any steps to transition

-- like not taking hormones and not having surgeries.

But the thing is, those things are not requirements to being trans.

Trans people do not have to prove their "transness" by being prescribed hormones or by having surgery.

And I refuse to play into those rules.

FFS does not make someone trans.

Hormones do not make someone trans.

If you're cis and have surgery or take hormones, you're still cis!

A trans person is trans because they experience their gender as something different than what

they were assigned at birth.

Trans people who don't have access to hormones or surgery are still 100% trans.

Trans people who can't or don't want to take hormones are still trans.

Trans people who can't afford or don't want surgery are still trans.

Being trans is not defined by hormones or surgery.

Surgeries and hormones do not change your gender identity.

External things like that do not affect your internal sense of your gender, which is what being trans is.

So I don't want this to come across as me trying to prove that I'm a Good Trans now.

I will be just as trans after FFS as I was before FFS, and I refuse to throw other trans

people under the bus just because they don't take hormones or haven't had surgery or don't "pass."

Because I think that's a really gross way of gatekeeping who's allowed in the trans community.

Who is the judge of who is "really trans"?

Because that's a pretty big responsibility.

We'd have to set up a whole bureaucratic system for trans people to apply for True Trans status,

and we'd have to collectively agree on the criteria for someone being classified as a

Real Trans Person.

But the reality is that no matter what criteria you come up with, it'd be bullshit.

If a person feels that they're trans, they're trans.

Just like how if a person feels that they're cisgender or straight or gay or bisexual,

we should just believe them.

We don't need to constantly test everyone's identity and make them prove who they are.

All that does is force trans people to stay in the closet because they're afraid of not

being taken seriously if they come out.

You don't become trans when the doctor signs a prescription for hormone replacement therapy.

You don't become trans when a doctor removes some bone from your face or surgically alters your genitals.

You don't become trans when a judge allows you to change your name.

And you don't become trans the first time someone perceives you as a gender other than

the one you were assigned at birth.

The paradox these people don't seem to be able to see is that they're saying you have

to fully know you're trans before seeking hormones and surgery, but you're not actually

trans until you've gotten those things.

So they're saying being trans is a choice.

That people choose to do these things and "become" trans.

But being trans is not a choice any more than being cis is a choice.

Gender identity is largely innate.

It's psychological and mental and biological.

It's not something that you can change with therapy or by trying to shove it away and

not think about it.

Sometimes it can be fluid and changing, but even then it's not because someone made a

conscious choice to change it.

So when someone says they're trans and you say you don't believe them, you're claiming

that you know what's going on inside their mind better than they do -- and that's ridiculous.

Is it possible that they're lying?

Sure, I guess.

But people could really be lying about anything -- that doesn't mean we should constantly

interrogate everyone over their identity.

Cisgender people could be lying about their gender, but nobody is intensely questioning

them and demanding that they prove they're not actually secretly trans.

If someone says they like cats, you shouldn't insist that they're lying until they provide

photographic evidence of them petting their cat.

If someone says they don't like pickles, you don't demand they eat a pickle in front of

you so that you can judge their reaction.

You just have to accept that you'll never be able to prove some things about people.

Yes, that person could be faking liking cats.

Yes, they could be faking a dislike of pickles.

Yes, they could be faking being trans.

But they're probably not, and by assuming that they're faking, you're telling all the

closeted trans people out there that they shouldn't come out because no one will believe them anyway.

If my options were between 1) making trans people feel comfortable and safe while maybe

sometimes having the rare case of someone pretending to be trans, or 2) creating a culture

of mistrust towards trans people while misgendering tons of trans people and maybe occasionally

calling out the rare cis person pretending to be trans, I'd absolutely choose the former.

And all of that being said, I don't think that cis people pretending to be trans is

nearly as big of a problem as these people make it out to be.

Cis people aren't afforded any additional benefits by pretending to be trans, so the

incentive for them to do that is very low.

I mean, the word that these people use to describe folks who they think are faking being

trans is "transtrender."

I've been called a transtrender thousands of times, and not just by random commenters

but by large YouTubers.

"Transtrender" makes it sound like being trans is some cool trend, but it's not.

It's just someone's gender.

If it seems like more and more people are coming out as trans nowadays, that's only

because there's more visibility for trans people than there used to be.

There's a ton of great information available for free online today that wasn't available

to closeted trans people just 20 years ago.

People who would've previously suppressed their gender are feeling empowered to come

out -- and that's great!

But it doesn't mean more people are becoming trans or that being trans is cool.

It just means that more people are able to come out because they have access to information

about being trans and they feel safe enough in their environment to do so.

I hate the word transtrender a lot.

It's super transphobic to tell trans people that they're not really trans.

These people often say that these "transtrenders" just need to get help and a therapist could

help them realize that they're not really trans.

But, uh, that's conversion therapy.

That's telling a trans person that they're not really trans, and a therapist can "fix" them.

It's a similar thing to when straight people advocate for putting gay or bisexual people

through conversion therapy.

You might not believe that a certain person is trans, but people who advocate for gay

conversion therapy also don't believe that the person is gay.

In fact, I think there are a lot of other similarities between how people react to trans

people and how they react to gay people.

Like, for a long time, there was a search for a "gay gene".

People wanted to prove that being gay wasn't a choice because everyone was saying it was

a choice, and they wanted to prove them wrong.

But nobody has ever found a "gay gene".

Does that mean being gay is a choice?

Of course not.

But it means that the way that our bodies experience sexual and romantic attraction

are complex and probably can't be reduced down to one gene.

If someone says they're gay, we should just believe them!

And it's the same thing for trans people.

Is there a genetic or biological basis to being trans?

Of course.

That's why across different cultures, across different time periods, there have always

been people who deviated from the gender they were assigned at birth.

Trans people are saying that they experience gender in a particular way, just like how

gay people say that they experience sexual or romantic attraction in a certain way.

But I don't think we're ever going to find a "trans gene" because humans are

too complex for the entirety of gender to be distilled down into one gene or one part

of the brain.

In fact, I've actually done a whole video about the research on brain differences between

trans people and cis people if you're curious about that.

But basically you're never going to be able to test someone's brain and know with 100%

certainty what gender they are because we still don't understand so much about the brain.

Another similarity between being trans and being gay that I've seen is connecting it

to being a mental illness.

The DSM is the Diagnostic Statistic Manual used by the American Psychiatric Association

for categorizing mental illnesses and disorders.

Homosexuality was listed in the first and second editions of this book, but was removed

in 1973 and didn't appear in the third edition.

So, just because something is or was in the DSM, doesn't necessarily mean it should

continue to be there in the future.

When something new and different is presented to people, they're often afraid of it and

want to demonize it.

In the case of homosexuality, they did that by treating it as a mental illness.

Eventually, after plenty of research, they decided that that was misguided and that homosexuality

was just another way that some people are.

Similarly, Gender Identity Disorder was introduced in the DSM-3 to diagnose trans people with a mental illness.

It stuck around in the fourth edition but was removed in the fifth edition, and Gender

Dysphoria was added.

That change was very intentional.

It was meant to depathologize being trans while still allowing trans people to get the

clinical treatment they need if they experience strong feelings of incongruence with the gender

they were assigned at birth.

But officially, in the DSM-5, being trans is not a mental disorder.

Gender dysphoria and being trans are different things.

Being trans is identifying with a gender that is not the one you were assigned on birth.

Gender dysphoria is specifically the feeling of distress caused by your gender not matching

the one you were assigned at birth.

There are two main types: body dysphoria and social dysphoria.

Body dysphoria is what most people have heard of.

It's feeling distress over the gendered aspects of your body like your genitals or

secondary sex characteristics.

Social dysphoria is less well known but is still definitely a form of a gender dysphoria.

This is when you feel distress when people refer to you as the gender you were assigned

at birth, and you feel euphoric when people refer to you as your correct gender.

This can take the form of stuff like pronouns, words like sir or ma'am,

or the use of gender-segregated bathrooms.

While most trans people experience some feelings of gender dysphoria, the intensity at which

they feel different kinds of dysphoria can vary widely.

Like some people might have mild gender dysphoria that doesn't interfere much with their day-to-day

life but is still definitely present, while others might have such severe gender dysphoria

that it spirals into depression or self-harm if not treated.

So for some people, gender dysphoria is a mental illness.

It can be something that affects your day-to-day life to the point that you need medical intervention

in the form of hormones or surgery.

But for others it's just another way of existing; it's just a different way that

their mind works.

I don't think it's right to just categorize everything you don't understand or haven't

experienced as a mental illness or disorder.

Some people just experience the world differently than you, and that's okay!

Being trans doesn't necessarily make you mentally ill.

Like I hear people conflate gender dysphoria and being trans all the time, but the two

have different definitions and are very different things.

Like, even if you transition and alleviate all your feelings of gender dysphoria, you'll

still be trans.

Being transgender is just a part of you -- it's a description of your gender.

But gender dysphoria is something in your mind that can get better or worse depending

on how it's handled.

If you want to learn more about this, I've actually done a whole video on why being trans

is not a mental illness.

Okay, so I went on a little tangent there, but the point of all of this is just to say

that we need to believe people.

I don't like the idea of living in a society where we all need to submit proof of our sexual

orientation and gender and likes and dislikes and everything else.

At some point you should just trust people to tell you their own personal experience

of the world.

My gender is not an accusation -- this isn't like a cisgender until proven transgender

court of law.

Nobody goes to jail if you believe that I'm trans or use the right pronouns for me.

It just shows a lack of respect for trans people when you don't believe them.

And I'm personally frustrated that so many people have refused to believe me for so long.

People have been making videos calling me a transtrender for like over a year at this

point.

And to my knowledge, none of them have ever genuinely apologized or showed any kind of

remorse.

But I predict that after this video, some of the people who once called me a transtrender

will change their minds, and some won't.

And that's because there's something else I want to tell you all, in addition to the

FFS thing.

So, a lot of people on the internet have made some pretty bold assertions about my private

life.

Several large YouTubers have been insistent that I'm not taking hormones.

Someone even said I "actively talk about" how I'm not taking hormones.

And those lies have spread pretty widely.

I get tweets and comments all the time that say, "How can you be trans if you're not

taking hormones?" or "How can you be trans if you don't have gender dysphoria?"

And every single time I've ever asked someone to give me a source for those claims, they

have failed to give me any kind of source.

I've asked people to give me specific timestamps of specific videos where I've said these

things, and no one has ever been able to do it.

I've noticed that even among people who like my videos and support me, a lot of them

will often assert that I'm not on hormone replacement therapy.

I guess it's true that if you repeat a lie often enough, people will believe it.

I mean there's a lot of research to show that if you tell someone a myth repeatedly,

they'll continue to believe it even when confronted with overwhelming evidence that

it was in fact a myth.

Which is partially why I think a lot of people simply won't believe me.

But the fact is, I am on hormone replacement therapy prescribed to me by my doctor.

I've been on it for about 10 or 11 months now.

And this entire time, I've been very careful not to talk about hormones online.

I told you how I stopped talking about my personal life, and this was a large part of

it.

I hated that people felt entitled to medical information about me.

The hormones that I'm prescribed are not any of your fucking business.

The only people who need to be concerned about my hormone usage are me and my doctor.

I've told my family and close friends about it, but I never talked about it on the internet.

And that also means I never said I wasn't taking hormones.

All these claims by other YouTubers that I haven't been on hormones were just completely

fabricated lies not based in anything I've ever said.

In fact, a couple months ago I got really worried about this.

I knew that I hadn't talked about hormones since I had started them, but I thought maybe

I had said something before that.

So I searched through my Twitter for any mentions of hormones or HRT, and I only found two tweets

where I talked about hormones in relation to myself.

One was from over a year ago, and I said I was planning on starting hormones as soon

as I moved back to the US.

The second one was also from over a year ago, and it was me saying that I was planning to

start HRT soon.

That's it.

Those are the only times I've ever tweeted about hormones or HRT in relation to myself.

And I was literally saying that I was planning to take hormones.

Anybody who took half a second to search through my Twitter could've found this information.

But I was confused, because these YouTubers were saying it with such confidence, as if

they knew it to be 100% true.

I thought for sure they had to have some kind of evidence.

So I went back and watched a bunch of my old videos.

Maybe I said something in one of those that could have been construed as not wanting to

take hormones.

Nope.

All I found was a video from a year ago on Milo Stewart's channel where I said I had

gender dysphoria and would probably be starting hormones soon.

Milo has since privated this video, but here's the clip I'm talking about.

For me personally, I feel dysphoric about some parts of me, and sometimes I feel comfortable about certain

things. Mostly I'm not that uncomfortable. Like I kinda like my body -- it's a cool body, does body things.

Um, and I don't think that should invalidate my experience -- like I still feel the same way. Um, even if

I have varying levels of dysphoria. And at first, I didn't think I was going to transition in any, like, physical way.

As time went on, I kinda -- I wanted that more. So I think I'm going to be starting hormones. Um, I don't know

about surgeries or anything like that yet. Um, it's all kinda up in the air for me.

I was shocked by this.

Like really really shocked.

I mean, I shouldn't have been.

I knew what I had been planning, I knew how I had felt.

But these YouTubers who've spent the last year of their lives spreading this lie about

me did such a good job that they had convinced me that at some point I said I wasn't going

to take hormones.

They gaslit me.

They made me believe that my own experiences and my own memories were inaccurate.

But I have proof from YouTube and Twitter that I'm right, and they're wrong.

They've been maliciously and intentionally spreading lies about me.

That video with Milo was one of the main ones that they attacked and mocked.

They knew I said in the video that I had gender dysphoria and would be taking hormones.

And yet, they still spread these lies about me.

So here's the truth: I came out in my last year of college.

After college, I really wanted to teach English abroad for a year.

But I also kinda wanted to start hormones, and I couldn't do that living in a foreign country.

So I told myself that I would probably be fine without hormones, and I left for France.

While I was living abroad, I slowly began to want hormones more and more.

Eventually, I made the decision that I would start hormones soon after getting back to the US.

And that's exactly what I did.

I don't regret living in France for a year at all.

I loved that experience, and I'm okay with the fact that I had to postpone going on hormones

for a year to do it.

It also gave me a lot of time to think about if going on hormones was really what I wanted.

There are a lot of side effects, and some of the changes are permanent, so you really

have to be 100% sure before you get started -- and before I went to France, I just wasn't 100% sure.

Today, I've coming up on my one-year-on-hormones anniversary.

I'm also coming up on my one-year-of-laser-hair-removal anniversary.

Honestly, all these people who have been screaming on YouTube about how I haven't transitioned

-- they honestly must not have been looking too closely at my videos.

I really haven't been hiding it.

Estrogen has cleared my skin up.

I have way less acne than I used to have when testosterone was in control.

My facial features have even softened up a bit.

I know that most of the time, I don't pass as female to strangers, but quite a few times

in public in the last few months, I've had people call me "Ma'am" or "Miss"

without me ever prompting them.

I'm actually planning to make a whole video about how passing isn't linear or binary

in the way that we normally think about it.

I even have boobs now!

They're small boobs, but they're definitely boobs made by the presence of estrogen in

my body -- and you can definitely see them in some of my videos.

Plus, like 10 sessions of laser hair removal has made the dark patch above my lip and on

my chin completely disappear.

I think these changes are pretty obvious, but I guess when you repeat a lie over and

over again, it's hard to see the truth -- even when it's literally right in front of you.

And people have even been claiming that I don't experience gender dysphoria.

Like I said earlier, not all trans people experience gender dysphoria.

For some, their sense of their gender being different from the one they were assigned

at birth doesn't give them enough distress to qualify as gender dysphoria.

I am not one of those people -- I just don't often talk about my dysphoria.

I definitely feel social dysphoria to a much higher degree than body dysphoria, but I still

definitely feel body dysphoria.

That's why I'm having FFS -- to alleviate some of the dysphoria that I have due to the

masculine aspects of my face.

And I think I've talked before about how I didn't realize I was trans until college.

Some people have jumped on that and misconstrued it to say that I wasn't trans until I got

to college, then I was brainwashed by the hippie liberal agenda and suddenly became trans.

That's a funny conspiracy theory, but it has no basis in reality.

I didn't become trans in college.

I didn't notice a cool trend and decide to hop on.

In fact, I didn't really have any other trans friends in college.

That was just the time in my life when I realized that I was trans.

I wish I had realized it sooner, but I didn't.

Sometimes people are gonna come out in college, and you can't just chalk all that up to

feminist brainwashing.

Discovering your identity as a trans person, admitting that to yourself, and then admitting

it to others -- that's hard. That takes time.

And if you go through that process during college, like I did, that's perfectly okay.

But like I said, even after all of this, I think there will still be people who will

say I'm a transtrender, who will say that I'm not really trans.

There's no way to please those people.

I mean, first they said I wasn't trans because I didn't change my name.

Then I changed my name, and surprise, they still didn't think I was trans.

But none of this is for them.

I changed my name because I wanted to.

Because I like the sound of Riley.

Almost a year later, I'm so happy with my name change.

I feel a million times better hearing my new name.

The name change was for me, and it was a great decision.

I'm taking hormones because I want to.

Because they make me feel good.

And I'm telling all of you about this now because I want to, not because I have to.

This is my body.

This is my life.

And my gender, my medical prescriptions, my personal transition -- this is all my business,

and not anybody else's.

I'm gonna get this all out in this video, and then I'm not going to talk about it again.

I mean, I might mention certain things every once in awhile, but I certainly don't plan

on making more videos about my transition.

Trans people don't have to be loud and vocal about their transition.

My transition is not my life, and my transition is a very personal private thing for me.

So mind your own business.

You're not entitled to any private information about me.

And if you're one of the people who has been misgendering me for the last year, and

now you feel kind of bad because I've actually been on hormones this whole time, I hope this

could be some kind of lesson that you shouldn't call anybody a transtrender.

You don't know what they're going through, and you don't need to know.

Leave people alone.

Call people by the pronouns they want to be called by.

Someone else's medical prescription should not dictate what pronouns you use for them.

Just treat people with respect.

I don't think that's asking a whole lot.

Apologize to the people who you've misgendered, and don't try to be a gatekeeper for who's

allowed to be trans.

If you suddenly have respect for me because I'm taking hormones, but you're gonna

turn around and misgender other trans people because they're not taking hormones, then

you can fuck right off.

I don't want your respect if it comes at the expense of other trans people.

Treat all trans people -- hormones or not, passing or not -- with respect.

You know, I bet a lot of people are even gonna say that their harassment and misgendering

of me was justified because they didn't know I was on hormones.

And that's beyond fucked up.

You shouldn't bully people into disclosing private medical information -- because that's

exactly what that is.

And I bet some people are gonna claim that I'm making this all up, but I'm not about

to show you my prescription bottles to try to prove something.

If you don't wanna believe me, don't believe me. That's fine.

I don't need strangers on the internet to believe me.

Even if I did show off a prescription bottle on camera, people would say it's fake or something.

There's really no way for me to win with people who are convinced that I'm not trans.

But I'm not trying to win with them.

The point of this video was just to talk to the people who support me, the people who

I've kept in the dark about this for a long time because I don't like the spotlight

that I've been put under.

I'm sorry that I haven't been speaking openly about my transition, but I hope that

you can understand why.

I wanna show other trans people that they don't have to publicize their transition to be valid.

If you want to keep it private, keep it private.

Nobody is entitled to that information.

So yeah, I guess that's everything.

I'm gonna be pre-recording some videos, so the next few videos on this channel will

be with my pre-FFS face, but in few weeks, you'll all get to see my post-FFS face,

which at first will be very bruised and swollen.

If you want to follow along before, during, and after my FFS, you can follow me on any

of my social medias, but you're probably better off following Fiona because she's

mainly going to be the one vlogging and snapchatting and tweeting about my surgery.

I'll put all of our social media links in the description.

This was a hard video for me to make, and I've been planning it for a long time.

If you somehow managed to watch this whole thing: thank you.

Come say hi in the comments, because I'm probably gonna have a lot of free time to

check comments while I'm recovering.

And remember, please respect trans people who don't pass, trans people who aren't

taking hormones, and trans people who haven't had surgery.

All trans people are deserving of your respect.

Not just the ones who look cis.

I love you all so much, and I hope you have a wonderful day.

For more infomation >> The truth about my transition | Riley J. Dennis - Duration: 29:45.

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Análisis de vibraciones, mantenimiento predictivo, pronóstico de deterioro por métodos matriciales - Duration: 20:24.

For more infomation >> Análisis de vibraciones, mantenimiento predictivo, pronóstico de deterioro por métodos matriciales - Duration: 20:24.

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Pixel Art- Le cochon - Duration: 2:28.

For more infomation >> Pixel Art- Le cochon - Duration: 2:28.

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Articles (a, an, the) - Lesson 1 - 7 Rules For Using Articles Correctly - English Grammar - Duration: 16:59.

Hello and welcome.

In this lesson, I will teach you the

seven rules that you need to know for using articles in

English correctly.

Articles are the words 'a', 'an', and 'the'.

There is a final quiz at the end of the lesson for you to

test your understanding.

OK, the first rule is about where to use 'a' and where to

use 'an'.

So rule number one is use 'a' before a consonant

sound, and 'an' before a vowel sound.

So in all of these words – you see that they start with a

consonant sound.

Cat starts with /k/, dog

starts with /d/, boy with /b/, girl with /g/, house with /h/

and tree with /t/.

So we say 'a cat', 'a dog', 'a boy', 'a girl', 'a house', 'a

tree' etc.

Notice that in natural speech, we don't say

'a', we say 'uh' – like 'a cat'.

In this next set of words, you see that, they all start with a

vowel sound – apple starts with /ae/, engineer starts with /e/,

ice-cream with /ai/, old with /o/, umbrella with /uh/.

So we say 'an apple', 'an engineer', 'an ice-cream cone',

'an old woman', 'an umbrella' and so on.

In speech, we don't say 'an', we say /ən/.

Let's do a small exercise.

You see ten items on the screen.

For each one, I want you to say if you would use 'a' or 'an'

before it.

Stop the video, think about it, then play the

video again and check.

OK here are the answers.

Did you get them all right?

I want to focus on items number seven

to ten because these are a little tricky.

Number seven is 'a university' because even

though 'university' starts with the letter 'u' the first sound

of the word is not a vowel sound.

We don't say /ooniversity/.

We say /yoo-nə- vər-si-ty/ so that first sound

is a /y/ sound, which is a consonant sound, so we say 'a

university.'

Number eight is similar.

The word 'European' starts with a

/y/ sound, so 'a European tour.'

In number nine, the spelling has an 'h' at the start but

that 'h' is silent.

We don't say /hau-ər/, we say /au-ər/.

The first sound is an /au/ sound which is a vowel sound,

so this is 'an hour'.

In the same way, in number ten, we say

MA.

'M' starts with an /e/ sound which is again a vowel

sound, so 'an MA in English'.

OK let's move on to rule number two: Use 'a' and 'an' ONLY with

singular, countable nouns.

We say that a noun is countable if we can count it – one, two,

three, four etc.

All of these words on the screen are countable.

We can say one elephant, three cars,

ten teachers, five hundred onions and so on.

Now if you talk about one person or thing,

like one elephant or one car, then that's called a

singular noun and if you say ten teachers or five hundred

onions, those are called plural nouns.

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted in this way.

Nouns like water, sugar, milk, love,

anger, knowledge are some examples.

If you think about it, you cannot say "I drank

four waters" or "I want eight milks".

To a person, you can say "I love you" but you can't

say "I have five loves for you" – that doesn't make any sense.

So these are all uncountable.

Alright, so the rule is - you can only use 'a' and 'an' if

you're talking about one person or one thing.

Let's do another quick exercise.

Here are ten items again.

This time, you see 'a' or 'an' before the nouns, but

some of these are wrong.

They should NOT have 'a' or 'an'

before them.

Stop the video, identify the mistakes, then

play the video again and check.

OK, here are the answers.

Number three is wrong because 'shirts' is a plural and you

cannot use 'a' or 'an' before a plural noun.

Number five is wrong because 'happiness' is

uncountable, so again, 'a' or 'an' cannot be used there.

The same goes for number six –

water is uncountable.

Number nine is wrong because 'doctors'

is a plural – you can say 'a doctor' but not 'a doctors'.

And finally, in number ten, advice is an uncountable noun –

so you cannot ask for 'an advice'.

Now a quick note here: the article 'the' can be used with

all kinds of nouns – singular or plural countable nouns, and

uncountable nouns.

OK, so let's now talk about how to choose between 'a' or 'an'

and 'the'.

Here's rule number three: Use 'a' or 'an' to talk about a

person or thing unknown to your listener.

And use 'the' to talk about a person or thing known

to your listener.

For example, "My sister has two computers: a PC and a laptop.

The PC is quite old but the laptop is brand new."

I say 'a PC' and 'a laptop' because

that's the first time I'm mentioning the two computers.

That is, until this point, they are unknown to you, the

listener.

But now, I can say "The PC is quite old but the

laptop is brand new."

When I say 'the PC', you know which

one I'm talking about: my sister's PC.

And the same thing goes for the laptop.

So the PC and the laptop are now known to

you.

In English, 'a' and 'an' are called indefinite articles

because they talk about something that the listener

doesn't know about.

And 'the' is called the definite article

because the listener knows what you are referring to.

Here's another example: but now, can you fill in the gaps?

It's pretty simple: the first time I mention my tree, I'm

going to say 'a tree': so, "I planted a tree in my garden

last year."

Now you know about the tree, so I can say "The

tree has now grown big."

Now this was easy because we were talking about one tree.

But what if I planted two, three or four trees?

Well you know that we cannot use 'a' or

'an' with plurals.

But we can mention the exact number.

We can say "I planted four trees

in my garden last year."

Or if I don't want to say the number,

I can say "I planted some trees."

And then I can say "The trees have now grown big."

'The' simply means that you know which trees I'm talking

about.

In both of these examples, we first introduce something with

'a' or 'an' or 'some' and then we say 'the' because the

listener knows about them.

But sometimes, you don't need 'a'

or 'an' because your listener will automatically understand

what you are referring to.

For example, "Can you open the window?"

If we're sitting in a room, and if I say this to you,

you will know which window I'm talking about.

Or if I said, "I need to go back home.

I think I left the stove on."

That means, the stove might still be

burning, but which stove?

Well, you can understand from the

situation that I mean the stove in my house.

But this isn't always possible.

For example, if I say "The man is my boss."

You will ask – "Which man is your boss?"

It's confusing.

But what about if I say "The man in the grey suit

is my boss."

you know which one I'm talking about.

So here, we mention a noun with 'the' –

'the man' – and then we give information to identify that

noun – 'in the grey suit'.

Here's one final example: "Where's the money I lent you

last week?"

So I start with 'Where's the money' and then I

say which money – 'the money that I lent you last week'.

OK, let's now talk about rule number four: use 'a' or 'an' to

talk about nonspecific things or people.

What does that mean?

Well, here's an example: "Do you have

a pencil?"

If I ask you this question, then it probably

means I need a pencil to write with.

Now I say 'a pencil' because I mean 'any pencil' - I

don't care about any one specific pencil.

Compare this to the next sentence: "Do you

have the pencil that Kathy gave you?"

Here, I'm referring to a specific pencil.

Here's another example, "I want to buy an apartment" 'An

apartment' means I haven't decided which apartment.

Maybe I haven't even started looking

for one, but I just know that I want to buy some apartment.

But look at this next sentence: "I

want to buy the apartment that we visited."

So you know which apartment I'm talking about.

And here's one last example, "If you're feeling sick, you

should go and see a doctor."

Maybe you're saying this to give advice to a friend who

isn't feeling very well.

Here, we don't mean go and see a

specific doctor – we mean any doctor.

But let's say your friend takes your advice and

goes to a doctor.

When you see your friend again, you might

ask "What did the doctor say?"

Why are we saying 'the doctor'?

Because we mean that specific doctor who the friend visited.

So, notice again that we use 'a' or 'an' when we're talking

about a person or thing in general, and not a specific

person or thing (for that, we use 'the').

Alright, let's move on to rule number five now: use 'a' or

'an' to mention the category or type of a person or thing.

To understand this, I have a small exercise for you.

All of these sentences mention a

category of type of a person or thing.

But they're missing the articles.

I want you to put 'a' or 'an' in the correct place in

each of these sentences.

Stop the video, think about your

answers, then play the video again and check.

OK, in number one - "My car is a 2011 Ford Fusion."

So here, I mention 'my car' and then I

tell you the model of the car – '2011 Ford Fusion' – that is

basically the type of car that it is.

So we use 'a' before it.

Number two is "You can use your TV as a laptop monitor."

Here, the noun phrase 'laptop

monitor' says what type of thing your TV can be used as.

In number three, "Jim's daughter is an intelligent

girl."

We say what type of girl she is – 'an intelligent girl'.

Number four is "I'd like to become a member of your

library."

After the verb 'become' you see that I'm

saying what category I want to belong to – 'member of the

library'.

For this reason, 'a member'.

We talk about professions in the same way: "I'm a teacher."

(NOT "I'm teacher").

A person's profession says what category

they belong to, or what type of person they are.

So, you need to have 'a' or 'an' before the

profession.

Similarly, "He worked as a cashier for two

years."

So to mention a type or category, use 'a' or 'an'.

Alright, let's now turn to rule number six.

This rule is about how to make generalizations.

That is, how to talk generally about a whole group or class of

people or things.

So rule number six is generalize with plurals or

uncountable nouns with no article.

On the screen, there are six sentences.

I'd like you to find all the plural and uncountable

nouns.

Stop the video, do the exercise, then play the video

again and check.

OK, in number one, there are two plurals: 'teachers' and

'students'.

Here, we are not talking about any one teacher

or one student in particular.

We're saying that all teachers should be friendly to all

students.

In number two, 'dolphins' is a plural noun.

We're using it to say, generally, that all

dolphins are intelligent.

In number three, 'horror movies'

is what I'm generalizing about.

I'm saying I hate all horror movies – not a particular one.

In sentence number four, 'coffee' is an uncountable

noun, and we use no article before it because, again, we

want to ask if Pablo likes coffee in general.

Number five has two uncountable nouns in

'exercise' and 'health'.

We don't use any articles before

them because this is a general statement of fact or truth.

And finally, number six is the same

kind of sentence – it also has two uncountable nouns –

'education' and 'life'.

Now this is the common way of generalizing.

But there's one another way of doing it.

With countable nouns, you can

generalize by using 'a' or 'an' with a singular countable noun

to mean every single one – that is every member of a group.

For example: "A teacher should be friendly to his or her

students."

It has the roughly same meaning as when we say

'teachers' but it's slightly different because it's like

saying "Every teacher should be friendly to his or her

students."

Here's one more example: "The dolphin is a very

intelligent animal."

Again, same meaning as saying

"Dolphins" but we mean 'every dolphin'.

So remember that this form – generalizing with 'a', 'an' or

'the' can only be used with singular countable nouns AND

when we mean 'every single one'.

So I cannot say "I don't enjoy watching a horror movie

or the horror movie."

Here, only the plural form is

possible.

It's the same thing with all the other sentences.

OK, let's now talk about rule number seven: and that is where

to use NO article.

This is very important and this is one place where mistakes are

very common because there are many situations where you

should NOT use an article.

In a separate lesson we will focus

on all of these situations but here's a short list.

We use NO article in front of proper nouns – that is names of

people or places.

We don't say 'a Steve', 'the Priya' etc.

We just say their names without

'the'.

It's the same thing for places.

However, some place names have 'the' as part of the name.

Such as the United States, the

United Kingdom and so on.

With these, of course, you must use

'the'.

We also usually use no article with names of games and

languages.

Then there are many fixed expressions that have no

article – you have to learn these through experience and

practice to use them correctly.

You see some of these on the screen.

It's a good idea for you to memorize as many of

these as possible.

Alright, if you're ready, now it's time for a quiz to see if

you can use articles correctly.

On the screen, you see some sentences with blanks in them.

In each blank, I want you to put 'a', 'an', 'the' or 'no

article'.

That symbol – a zero with a line through it is just

to say 'no article'.

OK, stop the video, try the exercise,

then play the video and check.

OK, here are the answers.

You can stop the video and check

them with your answers if you like.

In the comments section, let me know how you many got

correct.

If you're not sure about any of these, feel free

to ask me in the comments and I will help you out.

Alright, I hope you enjoyed this lesson.

If you liked this video, hit the like button.

Don't forget to subscribe to this channel by clicking that

subscribe button.

And I will see you in the next lesson

soon.

For more infomation >> Articles (a, an, the) - Lesson 1 - 7 Rules For Using Articles Correctly - English Grammar - Duration: 16:59.

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2017 Board of Education Public Hearings - Duration: 0:57.

This summer we've got five public hearings all around the state. We're

continuing to gather feedback electronically through our website.

People can still come to state board meetings and share their comments as

part of the regulatory review process. First of all we want to inform the

public around the work that's being done that is of significance to what happens

in schools and involving children. And then based on that hearing, we want for people

to then give us feedback around what we've said the things that they liked

things they dislike and things they would recommend should be present if they're

not there. Sometime around October all of those reviews will be completed and the

board will begin to look at all of the comments, all of the feedback they've

gotten and determine where if any changes are needed before they give this

final approval likely in November.

For more infomation >> 2017 Board of Education Public Hearings - Duration: 0:57.

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Standards of Accreditation - Duration: 1:36.

Right now school accreditation is based on SOL test score outcomes alone and

that's pretty much the determinant, other than graduation for high schools. Under

this revised model we're looking at other things in addition to SOL outcomes.

Doesn't mean those test scores aren't important anymore it just means there

are other factors like dropouts, like chronic absenteeism, like achievement

gaps. When we first start out our accountability system either you passed

or you failed which means that you may be close but there's no credit for

growth. We feel that that's a major incentive for students, for teachers and schools but also for parents to see that a child is making progress. And so as

part of the SOA we've incorporated growth as being part of the, one of the

important elements of our measures to determine if students really are meeting

the standards and expectations. I think there are lots of exciting changes that

will impact students directly as individuals in these new standards.

Number one, they're probably going to be taking fewer SOL tests. The idea of the

standards and the changes in graduation requirements will allow them to take

other types of assessments as well as SOL tests. So it's not that SOL tests are

going away but they might also be doing performance assessments, they'll be

looking at other types of assessments to verify their credits and move on towards

graduation.