George Orwell spoke of Big Brother.
But now we see lots of Little Sisters.
Imagine I go on holiday with my family. They go through the green gate...
...and I, for whatever reason, go through the amber or red gate.
Let's see if they'll let us in.
Thank you.
This company is called Morpho, it's a subsidiary of Safran.
Safran is a French company.
They're in the security industry...
...in the broadest sense possible, defence and military.
And their identification division is very well developed.
They bought Dutch passport company Joh. Enschedé in Haarlem...
...so Morpho makes our passports.
You'll see lots of biometric equipment.
Morpho is the world leader in biometric technology.
What are biometric characteristics?
That can be a fingerprint, face or iris recognition.
And nowadays also vein recognition.
There are ways to identify vein patterns.
Through digital certification they can be linked to an individual.
A vein in your body?
Veins in your hand, in this case. A finger or your palm.
So they can identify you by looking at your hand.
Back a little bit. That's okay.
And look in the middle of the two cameras, please.
This is like criminals.
But it's for civil purposes actually.
There you go, we can label all the rest.
You delete it, right? - Of course.
The European Union must adopt a new approach.
The international security market has grown enormously.
From ten billion euros in 2001...
...to more than 100 billion in 2011.
This industry employs 180,000 people in the EU.
And the industry has a turnover of almost 30 billion euros.
The security industry thus offers tremendous growth potential...
...which we must tap into.
It's a promising industry...
...that shows a synergy between the security of citizens...
...and national defence.
Thank you. You have been identified.
The classic image of the relationship between technology and border control...
...is that of a barrier.
Or slightly more contrived, that of the Great Wall.
A wall on the borders of a state or empire, to separate inside and outside...
...and to control border traffic.
Actual physical walls are no longer around...
...since the fall of the Iron Curtain between Eastern and Western Europe.
But new walls have replaced it.
To give you an idea of control in this day and age...
...it is often compared with the so-called panopticon.
The panopticon is an all-seeing eye, but still operates from a central point.
Surveillance is the next phase. There is no central point...
...but a linking of systems, lots of small eyes...
...in the form of fingerprints...
...identity cards, documentation, facial recognition...
...iris recognition, like the Privium programme at Schiphol...
...which are interconnected...
...and track the movements of citizens and foreigners...
...into and within Europe.
Rather hypocritically, it is claimed that...
...in order to prevent disasters like those at Lampedusa...
...controls must be strengthened, and thus more money must be spent on them...
...even though most of those disasters...
...are the direct consequence of those controls.
In the official discourse international terrorism and illegal migration...
...are always closely linked.
It's interesting to read the reports of the European Commission...
...published after 9/11.
Because they establish a systematic connection...
...between those two threats.
Terrorism and illegal migration.
Most notably the 'false' asylum requests by people...
...who are suspected of being involved in terrorist actions.
There's a notable shift from border control to control in general.
The control or management, as it's often called, of mobility.
Of movement.
That means the difference between people from outside Europe...
...and the citizens of a country, who live in Europe...
...is getting smaller. They're both objects of control.
And systems developed separately for these groups...
...are now merging.
The funny thing is, here we have a refined device.
A nice refined gate, for respectable people.
But there they have the same technology, only for military purposes...
...and it's rugged, less refined.
Here we have remote fingerprint identification...
...gates you can walk through with your passport...
...which are becoming a common sight at European airports.
They use facial recognition. Gradually citizens will notice these devices.
This is what we can expect? - Yes, the gates become multifunctional.
Both for immigrants with the right paperwork and the right visa...
...and European citizens with their electronic passport.
It will become one system.
In future when you get to the border control...
...at, say, an airport, they will already know your profile.
What kind of person are you? Are you a risk?
Now you're only checked when you arrive.
But using booking systems...
...more information about you will be known beforehand...
...information that we provided ourselves...
...which is then used to build a profile of you...
...and assess the risk of every individual.
The goal is to spend little time on people who are fine...
...and more time on people with which there might be a problem.
Look, footprints.
And then... Let's have a look.
They scan my iris. I can't see whether they scan my face or my iris, or both.
That's what it does. - How does it work?
It makes a photo of my face.
And maybe it makes a photo of my iris too.
Your iris is unique, right? - Yes, just like a finger print.
To keep our world safe, we want to know beforehand who people are.
Then you can anticipate.
A shift from gathering information when something happens...
...to gathering information beforehand.
To do that, you need to gather information from various places about people...
...who are, for example, crossing a border.
To do that in advance, you need to build a haystack...
...of all the information in the world...
...and then you look for needles.
That's the only way to anticipate.
Below the social and political debate about migration is another layer...
...namely the technological development...
...that makes it possible to connect files.
Take profiling, for example.
They don't simply build profiles of you and me...
...but they become risk profiles.
Various information, where you're from, what you studied...
...your acquaintances, in which social circles you will move...
...is then combined in order to assign a risk category to someone.
I too have a digital footprint online. I fly, I drive a car.
So I'm photographed when I get to Paris. It's full of cameras.
I book hotels, I buy things online.
Maybe I'm on social media, Facebook. Then you can check: Who are his friends?
All those pieces can be used to build a profile.
But then you need to combine everything from different systems...
...to correlate all that information.
Normal travellers in Europe could be faced with...
...facial recognition systems based on a photo...
...that are linked to cameras to alongside roads.
Say you're travelling to Schiphol Airport...
...maybe the cameras in the tunnel to the airport identify your face...
...and automatically connect that with your ticket and credit card payment.
So once you've been identified by those cameras...
...your destination also becomes known.
Your car has then become the border.
Or, better yet, the border was the moment you bought your ticket.
The border then becomes the linking of information...
...preceding, in time and location, your journey from one country to another.
In fact, we're constantly crossing borders.
Borders are everywhere, and thus always.
And because the time of payment, planning and actual travel...
...can be linked...
...travelling has really become moving.
And collecting that information...
...is thus becoming a part of European migration policy.
We're at Schiphol Airport, a big, international airport.
What makes an airport interesting, is that the European border runs right through it.
I'm now outside Europe, outside the Schengen zone.
And inside the airport I cross a border.
And nowadays we have new gates, that utilise our new passports...
...with this sign, which means it contains a chip.
All the information in your passport is also on that chip...
...including your photo.
In order to assess in advance whether travellers form a risk...
...IATA has developed a new system: Checkpoint of the Future.
It consists of three categories of travellers:
Green, amber and red.
Green is 'fine'.
Amber is 'unclear' and red is 'suspect'.
And each category has a separate channel.
If you're green, they don't check much, because they've verified everything.
If you're a question mark, they'll check a bit more.
And if you're suspect, you'll be lucky if you get through at all.
That you're not taken away by police?
That middle category...
We both could also become orange if we do something unexpected.
Well, if you do something that is bad...
...you could end up in that middle category.
Or they could mistakenly put you in that category based on wrong information.
It's a subject of hot debate...
...because this system, Checkpoint of the Future, has three gates.
Say I'm in a queue with my family...
...and they go through the green gate and I'm picked out.
That's not a pleasant experience, it's not very traveller-friendly.
So the actual implementation is still up for debate.
This technology or so-called administrative ecology...
...is generating a variety of categories, of citizens and foreigners...
...that it's becoming unclear to people to which category they belong.
Because it's possible to collect all this information...
...and European databases can contain tens of millions files on people...
...when you connect that information...
...it becomes tempting to create more categories.
And that results in a gray area...
...between citizens, who clearly have the right to be here...
...and those who don't have the right to be here.
People who don't have the right to be here under any law...
...or unjustly claim to be a refugee.
But in that gray area it becomes harder to determine...
...whether people have the right to be here...
...and who determines whether someone has that right.
Using technology to identify people...
...has two sides at opposite ends of a boundary...
...between people who can and people who can't travel.
On the one hand new services are developed...
...to make travel, for those who have the right to travel, much easier.
An individual is then superior to others in terms of travel possibilities.
In France there's a system called Parafe...
...that allows you to pass controls at Roissy Charles de Gaulle Airport...
...without having to wait in line for the police...
...by providing a digital fingerprint at a special post.
It's not obligatory.
But if you use it, you're a VIP and you're set.
But in future, if you don't use it...
...you'll have to wait in line longer next to foreigners...
...which you won't like...
...so you are encouraged to use this system...
...and link it to your information.
But the system starts earlier.
From the moment you get a credit card and a mobile phone...
...and all those things that make life easier...
...for people with money. But that's how they get in that system.
George Orwell spoke of Big Brother.
But now we see lots of Little Sisters.
Little sisters with little eyes, that aren't controlled centrally...
...but are in mutual harmony...
...and form the driving force behind the technologisation of migration policy.
Big Brother gave the illusion of an evil genius...
...in the technology that controls citizens.
But this situation of surveillance...
...with a network of little eyes throughout society...
...that track and connect all kinds of information...
...has undermined this central plan.
Technology now offers certain possibilities...
...that are eagerly adopted by governments...
...if it helps them control people's freedom of movement.
This hunger for information, the more you collect, the more you want.
Psychologically, you can't bear it...
...to see this information come by and not grab it.
For some people at intelligence services...
...weekends are hell.
You can't collect information, you're missing it.
You know it's there... - Yes, but it's the weekend and...
I'm exaggerating a bit, but it's a common event...
...that people want to know more and more. Because it could be that person...
Another problem is that the computer software used for these systems...
...is largely opaque.
So when you or I, travellers or foreigners...
...are confronted with an unacceptable decision...
...or something that, in your mind, needs to be rectified...
...it's very hard to verify how that decision was made...
...and to have it corrected.
Once I'm on the 'red' list it becomes hard to get off it?
First of all, it'll be hard to verify that you're on the 'red' list at all...
...let alone find out why.
That's a problem for you, and potentially for everyone...
...as well as the lawyers who could possibly help you...
...prove your stay somewhere is lawful.
You don't know why you're on the 'red' list?
No, that is unclear.
Smart borders are the ideal outcome of this project...
...regarding the circulation and non-circulation of people...
...based country of origin, but also their social class.
For example, Spain and Portugal...
...are now putting together the legal and economical framework...
...that would make it possible for non-Europeans to settle there...
...and receive a residence permit or even adopt their nationality.
It's aimed at foreigners who will invest money. Big sums of money.
So wealthy non-Europeans...
...can join the class of Europeans...
...or the citizens of other industrialised countries.
In a sense that will be the future of the definition of borders:
It's less about physical borders on a map...
...but about social, economic and racial boundaries.
There exists a worldwide apartheid...
...as a result of which some people are stuck in the country where they live...
...and others can travel as they please.
This discrepancy between people who can and can't travel freely...
...encourages both illegal migration...
...and the barriers against illegal migration...
...as well as the associated trafficking, and the deaths among migrants.
We thus live in a system that is being built worldwide...
...that makes a generally accepted distinction...
...between those who have the right to travel the earth...
...and those who don't.
From Libya to Italy, 23 hours.
30 ladies and 140 men and children.
One time at night there was a storm.
Tides. So many people.
There was no light on the ship.
You are afraid, as a human being.
The girls are afraid of the water.
It's dark, there are no lifeboats.
How much did you have to pay for the whole trip?
From Khartoum to Libya, through the Sahara desert, 1000 dollars.
For the ship it's... From Benghazi, 600 dollars.
1600 dollars.
And the boat is 1600 dollars.
3200 dollars.
That's a lot. - A lot of money.
What can you do?
Where do you want to go from here?
Our ambition is to go to Germany.
Yes, Germany.
England.
I want to go to England. Because I have to...
...continue my study.
You want to? - Continue my study.
What are you studying?
IT, computers.
IT, computer applications.
Computers, IT.
To get a degree in our country.
And where do you want to go?
I need to go to Germany.
Why Germany? - I need to work, I need to support myself.
For more infomation >> Best Book? The Butterfly Garden (The Collector Trilogy Book 1) - Duration: 0:52. 
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