Youtube daily report May 29 2018

[ ♪ Intro ]

If you're a fan of astronomy, you probably think you know the story of the first time

we discovered a planet outside our solar system.

It goes something like this: "Once upon a time, long ago, it was 1995…

[ fasts forward sounds ]

And by observing changes in a star's motion, Swiss astronomers found our very first exoplanet

orbiting the star 51 Pegasi."

It's an amazing story, but it has just one problem: The planet that came to be known

as 51 Pegasi b wasn't the first planet discovered around another star.

Or the second.

Or even the third.

It just happened to be the first planet we found around a star like our Sun.

People often forget about the first true exoplanets because they orbit something very different:

a pulsar.

That's right: Between 1992 and '94, astronomers discovered a whole star system around one

of the weirdest objects in the universe.

The pulsar in question is PSR B1257+12, which, thankfully, some astronomers nicknamed Lich.

It's about 2300 light-years from Earth.

Like all pulsars, Lich is a special version of a neutron star, an object with a kind of

misleading name.

They aren't stars in the normal sense because they don't convert hydrogen into helium

in their cores.

Instead, these objects are actually the leftover cores of other stars.

They form when stars more massive than our Sun end their lives in powerful supernova

explosions, which are some of the most violent events in the universe.

As the star explodes outward, its core is compressed under unimaginable pressure.

So much pressure, in fact, that the electrons and protons inside its atoms are literally

crushed together into neutrons.

What's left is basically a ball of solid neutrons about 20 kilometers across.

And because that ball is a lot smaller than what the core started as, it also spins a

lot faster -- just like how a dancer does when they pull in their arms.

Lich, for example, makes an entire rotation every 6.22 milliseconds!

Most neutron stars have powerful magnetic fields, which can blast out beams of radiation,

like radio waves.

Depending on the star's orientation, that beam can sweep across Earth like a lighthouse

as the star rotates, sending a pulse of radio waves our way.

If it does, we call it a pulsar!

Timing this beam is how astronomers figure out a pulsar's rotation rate, and they're

some of the most accurate clocks in existence.

I'm not kidding: Lich's period isn't exactly the 6.22 milliseconds I mentioned earlier.

It's actually… well, this.

And that incredible precision is how the very first exoplanets were found.

In 1992, astronomers studying this recently-discovered pulsar noticed something unusual: The timing

of this supposedly super-accurate clock seemed to be drifting.

It was a tiny change, but it was enough to alter the exact distance between Lich and

Earth, meaning its pulses sometimes arrived a little early or a little late.

And since we can normally rely on a pulsar's timing to be very steady, these changes must've

corresponded to stuff around it, tugging on the star and affecting its orbit.

By looking for a pattern in the timing variations, astronomers were able to figure out not only

that there were planets — three of them! — but also how massive they were.

They started out with some pretty technical names, but they've since been nicknamed

Poltergeist, Phobetor, and Draugr.

And their masses were one of the real surprises: Not only do two of the planets have masses

only a few times as much as Earth, but one has a mass similar to our Moon!

This makes them some of the smallest exoplanets ever detected.

But you probably wouldn't want to visit there.

All three orbit their pulsar at least twice as close as the Earth orbits the Sun — which

is probably a bad place to be with all those powerful magnetic fields.

Actually, if you think about it, it seems like these planets really shouldn't exist at all.

They shouldn't have been able to survive the supernova that destroyed their original star.

So how'd they do it?

Easy: They probably didn't.

It's much more likely that they formed after their host star blew up.

From another star.

That was also destroyed.

Seriously, if you see a star about to blow up, just back away, very, very quickly.

It gets nasty in there.

Many neutron stars also have companion stars in orbit around them, and Lich may have been no exception.

Sometimes, in systems like this, material from that companion star gets pulled onto

the neutron star.

It might even be an especially common process for pulsars.

Eventually, if enough material gets stolen, the companion star basically disintegrates,

forming a disk of debris around the pulsar.

Now, around regular, young stars, planets form from disks like this.

So it's reasonable to say that would happen around dying stars, too.

As far as we can tell, that's likely how Poltergeist and its friends ended up in the universe.

Of course, if that all sound like a pretty unlikely scenario to you, the data would agree!

While planets seem to be incredibly common around normal stars, we've found them orbiting

less than 1% of known pulsars.

And that's probably a good thing, because pulsar planets have to be among the universe's

most tortured objects.

I mean, how many planets are born from a dying star, while in orbit about another dying star?

It's not exactly a field of daisies.

The first exoplanets we ever found might often get overlooked, but studying them can remind

us that the universe is rarely what we think it's supposed to be like.

From the very beginning, we knew exoplanets were going to be weird.

And since the 1990s, we've been proven right over and over again.

Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space!

If you'd like to learn about some of the weird, ridiculous exoplanets we've found

since 1992, you can watch our episode about three exoplanets with some seriously extreme weather.

[ ♪ Outro ]

For more infomation >> The First Exoplanets Were Found Around... a Pulsar? - Duration: 6:08.

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We Were Super Wrong About Mental Illness: The DSM's Origin Story - Duration: 6:26.

[INTRO ♪]

It's hard to talk about psychology for very long without mentioning the DSM—

Also known as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

It's sometimes called the 'Psychiatry Bible,' and for good reason:

it's how most mental health professionals

figure out if you have something they should be treating.

But mental health professionals are just people.

Regular, fallible people who have made mistakes—

especially in the early days of the field, when psychology was

often based more on what sounded good than on empirical evidence.

And the origin story of the DSM reveals one of the biggest ones.

For a while, psychologists had a pretty limited definition of mental illness—

they thought mental disorders were mostly

physiological problems you were born with.

And it took a couple of world wars for them to realize just how wrong they were.

One of the first times anyone tried to identify people with mental illness,

at least in the US, was in 1840.

The census that year had a question about whether people had

what it called "insane" or "idiotic" dependents.

Yeah, language has … changed a bit since then.

The problem was, the question didn't include any definitions of mental illness.

So census takers kind of had to wing it.

And without specific sets of symptoms to use when they were diagnosing people,

doctors also had to wing it!

It took until 1918 for the American Medico-Psychological Association

to write "The Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane,"

which had some of the first standardized descriptions of what counted as a disorder.

It included things like "manic-depressive psychosis" or "dementia praecox"—

which today we would call bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, respectively.

Since these disorders were really poorly understood at the time,

and there weren't great treatments for them,

they were common among people who'd been institutionalized.

But the manual's whole approach to mental illness was really narrow.

Doctors thought these disorders came entirely from physical problems,

the same way a hard knock to the head can cause the symptoms of a concussion.

Today, we know bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are some of

the most highly heritable mental disorders,

so it makes sense that they'd think of disorders as being physical—maybe even hereditary.

And it's true that mental illness can come with changes in brain chemistry.

But it is not at all like a concussion!

Environmental factors are incredibly important when it comes to mental health,

and not considering those factors meant that doctors missed a lot.

Still, the system worked okay for a while ... until there was a problem.

A pretty big problem, in fact—kind of a worldwide problem: World War II.

Suddenly, there were millions of soldiers returning from a war where

they'd seen their friends die and witnessed some of the

cruelest possible treatment of others.

Meanwhile, families were split, communities were torn apart,

and there was a lot of anxiety about the future of civilization in general.

Many of these problems had come up in the aftermath of World War I, too,

but they were generally diagnosed as shell shock.

Today, we call shell shock post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD,

but back then, doctors didn't really think of it as a mental illness.

They thought it was caused by the physical effects

of artillery shells on nerves—hence the name.

So doctors treated it like a neurological problem, not a psychological one.

It wasn't until World War II that psychologists began to realize

what had once been known as shell shock might be a mental illness.

They started calling it combat stress reaction,

and treating it as a psychological thing.

The thing was, all these people had previously been pretty healthy,

so the manuals weren't much help.

All disorders were considered biological and lifelong;

there were no categories describing problems that

developed in response to some life event.

So the American Psychological Association, or APA,

decided to write a new guide.

But first they went looking for some help understanding what was happening to people.

What they found was detailed in the inauspiciously titled

"War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203,"

a document published in 1943 that tried to

explain how disorders could emerge from stressful life events.

It was written by a committee chaired by a military psychiatrist,

but it relied a whole lot on the theories of Sigmund Freud.

And I don't know if you've heard of the guy,

but there are some things he kinda didn't get right about how people work.

Like … almost everything.

But he saw patients after World War I,

and he had an explanation for why they experienced shell shock—

and why not everyone did.

The symptoms of shell shock were very similar to symptoms

of what Freud called a neurosis, which he thought was caused by

childhood trauma and the repressed emotions or complexes that came from it.

The idea was that if something that was too stressful to think about,

it would be pushed into your unconscious mind,

and then show itself through other anxieties or troubling behaviors.

It was also hard to tell if trauma was the real reason for the symptoms of neurosis,

since by definition the memories might be repressed.

But in the case of shell shock, it was obvious what the trauma was.

So this War Department memo used Freud's ideas

to explain how life circumstance could lead to a combat stress reaction

in someone who didn't have a history of mental illness.

There were so many patients who fit the description that

when the APA started to write the first edition of the DSM,

which was published in 1952, these ideas became a major theme.

They copied several passages verbatim from the War Department memo,

including some about how disorders could be reactions to social factors or the environment.

Also like the memo, the first edition of the DSM divided disorders into

neurotic, psychotic, and character disorders—

in addition to disorders that had a known physiological cause.

The DSM has been through a lot since.

Removing some of Freud's theories for how disorders developed was

one of the first orders of business, and today's DSM 5 focuses much more on

just describing and categorizing symptoms.

But we've kept some of the key lessons from the DSM's origin story:

that disorders can have environmental and social causes—

not just biological ones—and that mental illnesses can be

much broader than what you'd find in an early 20th century mental hospital.

Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!

For more on the strange—and sometimes awful— history of psychology,

along with all kinds of other videos about our weird human brains,

you can go to youtube.com/scishowpsych to subscribe.

[OUTRO ♪]

For more infomation >> We Were Super Wrong About Mental Illness: The DSM's Origin Story - Duration: 6:26.

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Notizia incredibile su Albano e Romina: i due potrebbero risposarsi | K.N.B.T - Duration: 3:46.

For more infomation >> Notizia incredibile su Albano e Romina: i due potrebbero risposarsi | K.N.B.T - Duration: 3:46.

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I Survived The War But We Lost My Sister - Duration: 3:13.

Hi my name is Zara. My Dad is from England and my Mom's from Iraq and I was

born in England. When I was about 7 years old, my Mum was like, "Hey maybe we should

go to Iraq, I've not seen my family in so long. So, maybe we should pay them a visit.

And maybe we could stay there for a while." My Dad was like, " no are you out of your your mind?"

"Like that's where the war is going on." My Mom was like, "Yeah, well that's where I

was born that's where I was raised." So my Dad finally agrees and me, my Mom my Dad

and my sisters and brothers went there. Everything was fine until I was

about nine years old. I remember it was about 4 a.m. and then I was woken up to

the sound of screams and crying. And I was like "what what's going on? This isn't

right." So I decided to look out my window and I

see fire. I see a building on fire. I rushed to my Mom's room and I grabbed

her by the hand I rushed back to my room and I show her the fire. She screamed and

she woke everyone up and she was having a panic attack.

Soon enough we realized that our city has been attacked.

About a few weeks later, we were running low and supplies because we'd been in

the house the whole time trying to avoid the war. And then my Dad was like, "okay we

are low on food we can't live like this we are gonna die in here if we don't get

anymore." My dad and my sister go out and they go and get food. It was about four

days since they'd went out to get some food. And my Mum and I and my brothers

started panicking. Drew was just like "something has happened they are not okay!"

I just lost all my hope and I was like, "well there's nothing to do now let's

just pray to God and see what happens."

But then a miracle happened. My Dad came back from the house and without my

sister. He was just crying and he was really injured...

...without my sister... I've realized why God has taken it up

and I realized that she'll be by my side no matter what.

Soon after that we move back to England and now I'm 13 years old and I live a

happy life. Life is good and just know if you're

going through warring thing it will get better...

For more infomation >> I Survived The War But We Lost My Sister - Duration: 3:13.

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Opel Insignia 1.6 CDTI ecoFLEX 136pk Start/Stop Business+ - Duration: 1:08.

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Trump Honors Fallen Soldiers On Memorial Day With Self-Congratulatory Tweet - Duration: 1:53.

Trump Honors Fallen Soldiers On Memorial Day With Self-Congratulatory Tweet

President Donald Trump paid tribute to fallen soldiers on Memorial Day with a tweet applauding the state of the country under his administration.

Trump praised the current unemployment rate for African-Americans and Hispanics, as well as the "best economy in decades" ― two areas that began steadily improving under the Obama administration.

"Those who died for our great country would be very happy and proud at how well our country is doing today," Trump tweeted Monday.

"Nice!".    .

Hours earlier, Trump tweeted a nearly minute-long video commemorating the federal holiday.

He is expected later Monday to participate in a Memorial Day wreath-laying ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery.

″I know that everybody is remembering the fallen soldiers who have paid the ultimate price for our country, and it's a country that we all love," Trump said in the video.

"As Americans, we come together to remember our great heroes on this Memorial Day.".

For more infomation >> Trump Honors Fallen Soldiers On Memorial Day With Self-Congratulatory Tweet - Duration: 1:53.

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As Alberto drenches the Gulf Coast, inland flooding is now the focus - Duration: 3:22.

As Alberto drenches the Gulf Coast, inland flooding is now the focus

Millions of people in the South are waking up in the middle of a powerful storm. Alberto made landfall along the Florida panhandle as a subtropical storm yesterday.

Some areas got more than four inches of rain in 24 hours.

Wind gusts of around 50 miles an hour knocked down trees and created large waves.

The system is moving north, threatening Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina with heavy rain Tuesday.

At its height, tropical storm force winds extended 90 miles from Albertos core.

The violent storm upended trees, brought down powerlines and sent water from crashing waves spilling onto roads, reports CBS News Manuel Bojorquez. .

Within hours, one home was surrounded by water – showing the powerful effects of the storms rain in such a short time.

Empty beaches along the Florida Panhandle were standard throughout the holiday weekend.

But the dangerous surf didnt stop a few dare-devil surfers from catching a last-minute wave. .

Subtropical Storm Alberto makes landfall, brings 45 mph winds.

Until you get out past the breakers, its like being in a washing machine… You get one good ride and its worth it, Kyle Buck said.

  But most beachgoers heeded the warnings and steered clear of the water, fearing dangerous rip currents.

On the Atlantic Coast, the storm spawned tornadoes.

One briefly touched down in the town of Stuart – destroying Peter Hills trees, car and power line.

  Ive been through two hurricanes: Francis and Jeanne, yuo know, and it was equal to that force, Hill said.

As the storm leaves the Gulf Coast, local threats of rip currents remain.

Inland flooding is now the focus as the Alberto becomes a tropical depression.

While most people there are thankful that the storms impact wasnt catastrophic, hurricane season still doesnt officially begin for another three days.

For more infomation >> As Alberto drenches the Gulf Coast, inland flooding is now the focus - Duration: 3:22.

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1,500 immigrant kids not lost -- just can't be reached, DHS official says - Duration: 5:53.

1,500 immigrant kids not lost -- just can't be reached, DHS official says

A top official at the US Department of Health and Human Services on Monday called reports that the agency has lost nearly 1,500 immigrant children false and misleading.

The children are not lost, HHS Deputy Secretary Eric Hargan said in a statement.

Their sponsors simply have not responded to follow-up calls from the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), the HHS department that oversees the care of unaccompanied alien or minor children.

The agency was under no obligation to make the 30-day follow-up calls to ensure that the children and their sponsors needed no additional services, he said.

Now, this voluntary action is being used to confuse and spread misinformation, he said.

This is a classic example of the adage No good deed goes unpunished, he said, offering a possible explanation.

While there are many possible reasons for this, in many cases sponsors cannot be reached because they themselves are illegal aliens and do not want to be reached by federal authorities, he continued.

This is the core of this issue: In many cases, HHS has been put in the position of placing illegal aliens with the individuals who helped arrange for them to enter the country illegally.

This makes the immediate crisis worse and creates a perverse incentive for further violation of federal immigration law..

So continues the back and forth over whos responsible for the unaccounted children.

The information came to light in a Senate subcommittee meeting in April.

A top HHS official testified that ORR was unable to determine with certainty the whereabouts of 20% of undocumented minors that it had placed in the homes of sponsors.

Steven Wagner, acting assistant secretary for Children and Families, which is part of HHS, disclosed the number while discussing the state of ORR.

His statement came under renewed scrutiny amid reports that immigrant children are being separated from their parents at the US border.

Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen has defended the policy, saying that similar separations happen in the US every day. But Nielsen agreed with senators that more must be done to protect the children who either come to the US without their parents or are separated from them.

After staying in an ORR shelter, most children are placed with sponsors they have close ties to -- typically a parent or close relative, sometimes with non-relatives, Wagner testified.

At that point, ORR is not legally responsible for children after they are released from ORR care, he said.

ORR would need more resources in order to continue being legally responsible for the children, he added.

The claims have done little to quell critics accusing HSS and ORR of neglecting their duty to the children.

On Monday, Wagner fired back, saying that the Unaccompanied Alien Children program is being abused at the expense of American taxpayers.

It was never intended to be a foster care system with more than 10,000 children in custody at an immediate cost to the federal taxpayer of over one billion dollars per year.

Hargan echoed the sentiment.

The tracking of UAC after release is just one of the recent headlines that focus on the symptoms of our broken immigration system while ignoring its fundamental flaws.

President Trumps administration has been calling on Congress to put an end to dangerous loopholes in US immigration laws like the practice of catch and release, in which federal authorities release illegal immigrants to await hearings for which few show up, Hargan said.

In the worst cases, these loopholes are being exploited by human traffickers and violent gangs like MS-13.

Until these laws are fixed, the American taxpayer is paying the bill for costly programs that aggravate the problem and put children in dangerous situations..

CNNs Dakin Andone and Tal Kopan contributed to this report.

For more infomation >> 1,500 immigrant kids not lost -- just can't be reached, DHS official says - Duration: 5:53.

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How to Cool a Dog Down Quickly (and save their life) | Hot weather dog care pt 4 - Duration: 6:09.

heat stroke in dogs can be a rapid killer so learning how to cool a dog

down quickly and prevent heatstroke might just save your dog's life join me

in this video where I run through the five key steps to cool a dog down

quickly hi I'm dr. Alex from ourpetshealth.com helping you and your dog to

live a healthier happier life so think about subscribing if that's something

that you're interested in now don't underestimate the importance of cooling

your dog down quickly if you think that they are developing heatstroke in one

study dogs with heatstroke who are cooled by their owners had a 38 percent

chance of dying and that's compared to a 61 percent chance of dying in those dogs

who were not cooled by their owners make no mistake learning how to cool a dog

down quickly can definitely be a lifesaver so make sure that you share

this video with all your dog owning friends and family let's jump into the

five steps and at number one we have to stop any activity move your dog into the

shade or a cooler location and encourage your pet to drink some cool water cool

water is actually better than really cold water and any water is better than

nothing a hot dog quickly becomes a dehydrated

dog and this not only reduces the ability of panting to keep their body

cool it can also be responsible for some of

the complications we see in heatstroke in dogs

dehydration exacerbates organ damage and so makes heatstroke that much more

dangerous carrying water is so important and it is one of my eleven tips to

keeping a dog cool in summer and preventing heatstroke in the first place

so make sure you check out my video that's linked up here and down in the

description below so the second step to cool a dog down quickly is to spray and

soak their coat with tepid or lukewarm water so you might think that using cold

water would be best but this will actually cause your pets body

temperature to become higher and the reason for this is that the cold water

actually causes the outside blood vessels to constrict or become much more

narrow and this effectively has the effect of trapping the heat within the

body's core and that causes a dog's body temperature to climb rather than cool

so using a spray bottle of water bottle hose or even standing your dog in a

stream or a lake will do the job it's hot out then the chances are that all of

these sources won't be too cold as the water in your dog's fur and that price

will have a cooling effect on your dog keeping their coat wet clearly is

therefore important and so be ready to add more water as needed just to keep

them down so my third step in how to cool a dog down quickly is to use a fan

to blow air over your dog this air movement helps to speed up the rate of

evaporation and so helps the dog to cool down that much faster you'll have felt

this yourself getting out of the water on a hot day if there's no wind you'll

feel hot but if there's a breeze you can actually end up feeling quite cold even

when the temperature outside is really high as well as using a fan then you

could move your dog into a spot that's in the wind preferably in the shade too

and when you're driving your dog to the vet you can also just open all the

windows as well as turn on the air conditioning copter for my fourth

cooling step is one to use if your dog has collapsed with heatstroke at home place

an ice pack frozen peas or whatever you have to hand in your dog's groin under

that armpits or on the side of their neck all of these areas are whether

really big blood vessels run which don't constrict to a degree that will trap

heat in the same way that's soaking your dog with cold water will any ice pack

should be wrapped or event cold injury to the skin and their location should be

moved every and a 15-20 minutes or so right my fifth and final step to cool a

dog down quickly is to cover them with a wet towel a towel has the ability to

hold a large amount of water and if a wet towel is placed over a damp dog and

being in a breeze too is even better then it will just help cool your dog

down faster because the towel is not in direct contact with the skin it won't

actually cause narrowing of the blood vessels that the cold water will and as

well as becoming very cold to wick heat away from your dog's body it will also

reduce the need for you to keep adding water to your dog's fur this is clearly

ideal if you're driving to the vet alone with your dog in the back cooling effect

can last much longer without you needing to keep stopping and adding

to that coke so those are the five steps for how to call a dog down quickly move

your dog to a cooler location and encourage your pet to drink cool water

spray and soak their coat with tepid lukewarm water blow air over your dog

ice pack your dog's groin armpits and neck area and place soap towels over

your dog if you've carried out all of these steps then clearly there is one

more vital part to ensuring that your dog survives heat stroke and I've

already alluded to this it is to take your dog to the vet as quickly as

possible so from the same study that I mentioned at the start it was also

reported that if a dog was presented to the vet clinic within 90 minutes of

developing heatstroke then their chance of dying was 27% so about a 1 in 4

chance of dying if though it took longer than 90 minutes then 62% of dogs died

which is more like 2 in 3 and for those dogs that were cooled by their owner and

presented to the vet within 90 minutes well 100% of them survived clearly there

is a risk of death with any dog who develops heatstroke but these figures

they really just highlight how important both cooling a dog down quickly and

rapidly transporting your dog to the vet can be if you know what to do and now

you do then it will only take 5 to 10 minutes to start cooling your dog down

quickly and this is time very well spent if at all possible you should then call

ahead to let your vet know that you're coming and this will give them some time

to get ready to treat your dog as soon as you step foot in the veterinary

clinic again time is of the essence remember though that if you're driving

open the windows and turn on the air conditioning and while time is crucial

Drive Safely having an accident will not help your dog preventing heatstroke is

clearly better than trying to treat it so make sure you check out my 11 tips to

keep your dog cool in summer that's linked in the card on the screen here

like this video if you found it helpful please share it with your friends and

family and until next time i'm dr. alex from our pets health because their

family