- One of the most common reasons for engine failure in modified cars is due
to oil starvation.
When we have oil starvation this results in a lack of lubricating oil reaching the
engine bearings and when this happens the engine bearings can contact
the crankshaft journal.
This can quickly result in failure of the components.
The most common lubrication system in a factory engine is what's referred
to as a wet sump system.
This involves an actual sump which contains the oil which is bolted
to the underside of the engine block.
A pickup located inside the sump draws oil into the oil pump and here the oil
is then distributed around the engine.
The wet sump lubrication system may work fine for a factory car which
is unlikely to produce much in the way of cornering force, accelerating force
or braking force, but once we start modifying that car, fitting stickier tyres
and improved suspension, things can change.
With a modified car it's not uncommon to be able to pull in excess of one
to 1.2 G in cornering.
And when this happens under sustained cornering, the oil in the sump will tend
to flow away from the pickup.
If this happens, the pickup will pull in air rather than oil and this is where that
oil starvation issue occurs.
While there are a variety of ways of addressing these problems,
one of the most reliable and robust is to do away with the factory
oiling system and go to what is referred to as a dry sump lubrication system.
The dry sump system stores the engine oil in a remote reservoir.
That reservoir can hold more oil than the factory sump normally holds
and the design or shape of the reservoir also means that regardless of the
cornering, accelerating, or braking forces being experienced, there's always
a constant supply of oil at the base of the reservoir where it's picked
up by the oil pump.
In terms of the oil pump, this is another area that the dry sump system differs.
Instead of a built in oil pump contained inside the engine,
a dry sump system uses an external oil pump which is driven by a pulley
on the front of the crankshaft.
The pump is actually a multi stage unit which consists of a pressure stage
which draws the oil from the remote reservoir and then pumps it
through the engine, as well as several scavenge stages.
These scavenge stages are used to draw the oil as well as blow by gases out of
the crank case and then return them into the remote reservoir.
The advantages of a dry sump system when correctly set up include reliability,
which we've already discussed, but on top of that, there can also be
a small but measurable power improvement.
This is because the scavenge stages will extract the blow by gases from the
crank case and this can help reduce windage losses which occur when the
crankshaft journals contact the oil vapour as it tries to spin inside the crankshaft.
While fitting a dry sump system is a costly exercise, if you want ultimate
piece of mind and reliability in a circuit or hill climb application,
it is the ultimate.
It's also only going to take a couple of damaged engines to quickly make that
dry sump system seem really cost effective.
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