This is Svalbard.
A group of islands belonging to Norway
Above the Arctic Circle
Home to about two thousand seven hundred people
except not all of them are Norwegian.
This isn't much of a surprise, since in today's globalized world,
all you need is a tourist visa, a student visa or a work visa
to live in any other country.
Except, none of the non-Norwegians on Svalbard have a visa because
You don't need a visa to live in Svalbard.
In a world where countries love their borders, how did this come to be?
The story starts all the way back in 1596,
when Willem Barentz, a Dutch explorer,
discovered a bunch of islands above the Arctic Circle
while trying to find an alternative route to China.
He sees the largest island, names it Spitsbergen and
Boom, it's on all Dutch maps near you.
Fast forward a couple of hundred years,
and this region is now a base for whaling, fishing and mining.
Since there is no Government, and therefore no laws or regulations
the resources become a target for several Northern European countries,
a list dominated by the Netherlands, Russia, Norway and of course, England.
Some countries said they owned Spitsbergen
some countries said nobody owned Spitsbergen
and whenever there are resource laden territories in dispute
and European Empires
there are trade wars
political deadlocks
and huge, huge gun boats.
Soon enough, the twentieth century arrived and along for the ride came:
The war began and the war ended
and the winners rushed to Paris to sign the Treaty of Versailles with Germany
officially ending the war.
As a result, we got the beta unstable version of the United Nations
The League of Nations.
They had a long todo list, one that included
> Shaft Germany for "being the bad guys"
but more imporantly, an item that said
> Try to not take over everyone else thanks
They had seen how the smallest events could spark
the deadliest of wars and
oh look at this tiny place that's been
the focus of international conflict for centuries.
So when it came to the League to find a way to resolve the disputes they went,
"Hmm, I wonder who would be the perfect candidate to give this piece of land to.
If only we had a fairly harmless European country
that was famously neutral during the war."
"Wait, me?"
And on the 9th of February, 1920
The Spitsbergen Treaty was created
effectively handing over the
entirety of Spitsbergen to Norway, with some conditions.
There was an article in the treaty
which is why this video exists.
The treaty allows all citizens of all the countries
that signed the treaty to live, fish, hunt and
use all natural resources that Spitsbergen contains
as long as they don't break Norwegian law.
A couple of years after the treaty was signed
Norway passed an act
The Svalbard Act
in their own parliament.
As the name suggests
the first thing they did was rename the whole region to Svalbard
and relegated Spitsbergen to the name of the largest island of the archipelago.
Next, they installed a local Government
appointed a Governor
and established laws and regulations for the place
which included restrictions and quotas
to prevent abuse of the natural resources.
Also, while one of the conditions in the treaty says that
the whole region needs to be demilitarized
Norway is allowed to have a coast guard that watches over the fishes
to make sure that nobody breaks the other conditions of the treaty
making sure that the natural environment is protected.
And finally, they extended the part of the treaty that
allows people to live in Svalbard freely
to the entire world
including countries that haven't signed the treaty
That being said, when the Norwegian Parliament announced their
"Everyone can come here no problem" act
we almost missed the asterisk right next to the "Everyone".
Buuuuut
I'm going to stop myself right there
because history is interesting
dissection of visa policies...
...not so much...
at least not in the same video
so I'm going keep that for another day
for another video
So there you have it!
A group of islands
rich with resources
fought over frequently
by rich countries
until an organization wanted to put an end to that
so that they don't risk starting
another war
by allowing anyone to live there
except when they can't.
If you're interested in why
_this_ statement is only _technically_ correct
well, you're just going to have to wait.
And while you're waiting why not like this video
and share this video
to everyone you know who enjoys Arctic Politics.
Also if you like this video and would like to see more of such videos
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I guess?
Because I have a non-existent upload schedule.
Once again, don't forget to like, share and subscribe
and I will see everyone in the next video.
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