Youtube daily report Oct 4 2017

Hi I'm Dr. Hackie Reitman welcome to another episode of Exploring Different Brains.

And we have as a guest, once again, Michael McManmon the founder of the College Internship

Program.

Michael welcome again to Different Brains.

Thank you for having me Hackie.

Michael, tell us about your educational background and your professional qualifications.

Well basically my path is a little different than most people.

I started working with kids right after college in four different states and private programs

and then I started my own group homes in Las Vegas and I sold those and started the College

Internship Program about 33 years ago.

But I got educated all along the way.

I got a Master's in counseling then a Master's in human development then a Doctorate in special

education, and then I got licensed as a psychologist while I was working.

And the reason that was so good was because I had to do all of my papers and all of my

experiments and everything and I was working with people with kids with parents the entire

time plus having my own kids while I'm doing It.

So I got to really make--and because I have Asperger's I want everything to be practical

and useful so my research was very practical in nature and it was really right, you know,

on par with the curriculum I was trying to develop.

So it was a benefit to me to be that to be educated that way and to be working while

I was educated.

You were saying how corporations need an Aspie.

And I'll go further than that, they already have aspies and people with OCD and ADHD,

and bipolar, and anxiety and depression, you name it, working for them.

Recognize it, give them extra tools that they need, the accommodation they need, and they

will do a better job for you and this is what I try to tell companies.

it's better for your bottom line.

You make more money.

They understand that part.

Exactly.

So my friend Michael Wilcox, who you've probably have seen him speak before.

He was a board member for AANE in Boston.

He worked for Morgan Stanley, in doing their calculations and stuff, computer analytics

for the stock market in a little cubicle, and retired in his 50s not knowing he had

Asperger's.

And he could never keep a relationship but he did an amazing job for them.

And had plenty of money and could buy a farm with cash and stuff.

And so when he realized he was dating a woman and she said, "My family is very Catholic,

and I want you to come to a baptism that we are having in our family and it goes on all

day and we do all this stuff."

And so about a month later she said "Are you coming to the Baptism at this church?

It's at this time."

And he said yes.

He comes to the baptism and he meets her there, and then afterwards and he's going to drive

off and she said "I told you how important this was to me, it's like an all-day thing

and everything."

And he realized that his social thinking was just that she just wanted him at the baptism

because that is what she said to him.

He didn't think that was really a problem for him, he started to see that it really

was.

At his age he got diagnosed.

You know the social thinking part of it, and my relationships people have said to me "You

couldn't have possibly think I meant that when I said that to you."

And I said, "That's what you said and that's what I did."

And then they look at me like I'm lying or that I'm just covering up for something.

And they can't believe that even after living with me that that's what I would do.

So it does have an effect still.

Well it still does, it is hard to believe.

You know I talked about in the Aspertools book some of the stuff with my daughter Rebecca,

who's got a discrete math degree from Georgia Tech and is halfway through a master's in

Applied Psychology, that when things comes up when something is taking literally and

they don't know what the idiom means and they don't get the social cue but it is trainable

and it is learnable and neuroplasticity is a wonderful, wonderful thing, it is.

But it would all go a lot better for society if we all embrace neurodiversity, recognized

it and not made it such a big stigma.

When I interviewed Steve Ronik--who is the head of the Henderson Behavioral Health down

here which has 800 employees and sees 30,000 patients a year--he said Hackie, "Why is it

that there's no stigma if you go to your oncologist or the cardiologist but if you go to a mental

health professional it's like there's a stigma to that, but we get better results," you know,

that kind of thing.

Exactly.

And a lot of it is that what are some of the things that you feel, now I know you're writing

books you're in all kinds of media, you're speaking around the country.

To our different brains audience who want to help and volunteer and do something in

their own life to be helpful what advice would you have for them in that regard?

If they're going to volunteer there's plenty of organizations to go now you know they can

go to their local Autism Society or anything like that but one of the things I did want

to bring up if it's alright to change the subject was um in my new book there's section

called goodness-of-fit and I wrote an article on that section too - and what that is is

that not only are we having employers choose us but it's almost as important for an aspie

kid to look at the sensory fit on a job, the emotional fit on the Job, the intellectual

fit, whether that job is going to stimulate them enough the employer fit, what kind of

person will they be working with you know all of these, the environmental fit.

You know in Stevens Shore first went to work as an accountant when he got an accounting

degree he couldn't handle working in the offices of this accounting office said he tried to

ride his bike and put it in the furnace room and he came in and he was sweaty and and it

was in a cubicle with bright lights but if he had been in a small mom-and-pop accounting

firm and in the backroom where they let him do whatever the hell he wanted like sort of

like Michael Wilcox on Wall Street, he probable would still be there.

So we were sort of fortunate that he didn't work for them and he went and got a different

degree in special education so but that's a problem those are problems, the fit, finding

the right fit for you so you don't get a job that you can't handle.

And I'll expand on that, you know we mentor a lot of people at Different Brains and a

little production studio they're and our neuro-diverse interns wonderful great productive group and

they all have different diagnoses per se and I don't solicit them they just kind of come

but one of the things our whole educational and trade and employment system don't provide

that we try to do is to get give you the exposure to different things so it's not only about

the lighting and sensory issues.

Like we have one autistic individual who is extremely smart and very, very good who wanted

to be a film critic.

And he came in, we tried him with all different things.

And the first thing I did was say, "do a critique of the movie the Square Root of Two with Darby

Stanfield from Scandal," that I wrote and produced and directed.

He came in the next day and said, "well about the quality of a Hallmark or Lifetime, very

amateurish, very amateurish."

But we had him try different things, so Joseph had him shooting, has him video editing, transcription,

blogging, and he found out, to his surprise, that he loves and is very good at video editing

which is a great art he can.

sit in front of that computer and do a great job and I said, "you know you can go make

six figures out in LA."

He said, "really?"

I said yeah.

If you find the job that you love doing in an environment you like and you're good at

it then you can also make a good living and help other people at the same time.

That's a trifecta.

And our system doesn't provide for that.

College Internship Program does.

Right.

Right.

Everyone has to have an internship and everyone has to do community service, no matter whether

they're going to college or not, they still have to have an internship because you notice

that the med schools now and the veterinary schools and the law schools won't take anyone

unless they've actually worked in a law office or a veterinarian office because they get

these people who take up space.

It's very expensive to get a veterinary degree and then they become a veterinarian and they

don't want to deal with blood or poop and so it's a real problem.

Lawyers, how many lawyers do you know who don't practice law anymore with law degrees

either can become a politician or retire.

So it's a problem and I would tell parents that you want to have your kid experience

all kinds of work environments and volunteer positions because you don't know what you

don't know.

And just because they're good at they think they're going to be a video programmer or

whatever you know they think of video game whatever, which a lot of them are stuck on,

doesn't mean they really are better at something else or will like something better.

I went for an English BA in college and I volunteered at lots of different volunteer

positions.

When I went to an orphanage on the weekends you know a little you know a station wagon,

I guess they don't have station wagons anymore, but we're in a station wagon with a bunch

of guys and girls from the college and guess what?

Doing that community service, I learned I wanted to work with kids and I met my wife

in the back of that station wagon with a whole bunch other people.

And so that's what happened and so we need to get them out there doing different things

just because you fed their special interest which is video games or whatever and you say

"oh he's really good at this, he knows everything about this" doesn't mean he's really good

at that.

He could be better at something else or enjoy something else even more but that's when he

got attention for and that's what he was interested in when he was a child.

So it doesn't mean that he's you know you got to look at the whole picture.

What's the biggest misconception you feel that people have?

Well the biggest one that's diminishing is that the college degree is going to be

the way.

For a lot of them it's not going to be the way.

They might get a certificate and something at the college and then just have good work

experience.

You notice that Bill Gates and whoevers was head of CNN, they didn't even finish their

degrees at Harvard and Brown.

They didn't finish them.

So they don't have degrees and so that's not maybe the best example for these kids because

we want them to have degrees that they can and it'll help them but life experience and

work experience is almost as important because if you're 23 and you come out of college and

don't know how to do your own laundry and don't know how to take a bus and don't know

how to drive a car or date anyone or you're going to be like totally, it's hard enough

for a regular college kid to come out of college and figure out how to do all those things

themselves if they haven't lived off campus or anything.

So you're just handicapping your kid, he's handicapping himself like coming out that

way.

Well I want to amplify on that in the following sense to our audience, that what I've been

learning also is that neuroplasticity never stops.

Yes it's greater when you've done that but look, you're an example of how your brain

rewired itself well into your adulthood.

So I don't want anyone listening to this to think the only window is up through 26 or

any age.

Yes, in fact we're more we're more childlike, more youthful, more able to make changes at

a later--it's part of the Syndrome.

My kids say to me, just one of them said to me last week, "Dad, it's amazing how you are

able to change your life and do and become who you want to become."

And it's because we do we are long-term learners.

We're fascinated by learning, I'm learning Spanish, I'm writing three more books, I'm

doing my Art, I live in two countries and I still make the time to see all my children.

So we're capable of a lot of really good things well into our I'm almost 70 years old and

I feel like I'm 23 probably because I'm that emotionally immature no that's when it

goes, comes with the territory.

Well you look in great shape and I gotta tell you, what I've been learning also is that

you know being an MD and everything even being an orthopedic surgeon, but the most underrated

things for longevity and health and happiness iand call it "youthfulness" for lack of a

better term, are the socialization and using your brain and exercising and getting rid

of stress which is my number one challenge I've been able to do it, and eating a decent

diet which basically is getting rid of all the processed stuff.

You know, you can call it Mediterranean or whatever.

But I see your habits and it's not just when you Michael are getting ready to give a talk,

it's also how you wind down.

Remember how we were going out to dinner and you are winding down in the pool and the hot

tub the end of a very very productive day.

You want to talk about wellness for a minute?

I would love to talk about wellness.

That was my verbose way of saying I want to hear what you have to say about wellness.

Yeah let me just say that that ability to change and research the things and then use

new information once these kids become self-change agents they can do just about anything if

they want to be a physicist or build house they could figure out how to do it.

So they're very smart and once they start working with other people's bio computers

of using the internet and everyone around them and socializing and being able to talk

to people and problem-solve, it's endless what they can do.

So this year these are the changes I've made this year.

Okay I've been gradually moving to Mexico, I socialize like amazingly down there with

people my age and all the people around me.

I'm not afraid to go up and join something or play pickleball or go to you know concert

with some other people or go out to dinner.

so I have like this different life that I've never had before.

So that's just one area.

Then I went online and said, "what are the 20 most vibrant foods for older men to eat

to stay emotionally vibrant and sexually vibrant?"

And they're like spinach, ginger, you know there's Avocados, there's all these things.

I never liked avocados in my life, I hated the texture and taste.

But now I taught myself in the last two months to eat avocados.

I put it in the middle of you know a sandwich and just disguise it with the onions everything

else, and I eat it and I've gotten to like it.

So those are just in that area, just food.

Now in exercise, I swim and the place I bought into in Mexico has a volcanic heated pool.

They changed the water three times a week, it's huge pool.

I can swim anytime I want, it's warm in the winter.

In the summer it's always warm.

So I swim in that nice water, it's good for my skin, it's good for my body and my brain.

Then I play pickleball which is very social and you switch teams all the time you're with

other people, you introduce yourself and I've met a lot of friends.

One of the rules I set for myself in the last few years which changed all of my adolescence

all those years I denied myself socialization.

And here's a job reference.

So I was the guy who in the office when I packed my lunch, I put it in the staff lounge

and then they would come to me, all of the staff, and say "hey we're going to lunch for

Barb's birthday, do you want to come?"

I didn't have any flexibility to do that.

I knew I was eating that sandwich that I made, was in the refrigerator and I didn't want

to go because I would have to talk to people and everything and socialize and what did

that do?

It handicapped me socially, it handicapped me as far as promotions.

It did all those things so I made a rule for myself in my older age, someone says "do you

want to come over my house?" or "do you want to do this?" or "do you want to go out to

eat on a Friday night" or go to this concert, unless I have an absolutely immediate really

important reason to say no, I say yes.

And so I've grown so much in the last five years even just from doing that.

So this is where you become a self-change agent we have to teach our students to be

able to do that for themselves.

I like that terminology, a self-change agent, a self-advocate too, and a changer.

I'm sure a lot of our audience wants to get in touch with you and the college internship

program.

What's the best way for them to do that?

Well, really the easiest ways for them is to go to collegeinternshipprogram.org and

then follow the links for me and anything they want to see that all my videos are on

there etc.

And what if they want to buy your books?

They would go to Jessica Kingsley publishers that's a really online and it's easiest way

to get anything.

So Jessica Kingsley publishers and it's right online.

Tell us the name of your upcoming new book

Okay that's "Mploy", it's millenial.

I had to convince the publisher that that is good way of putting it, "Mploy".

And it's an employment readiness workbook.

So "Mploy" an employment readiness workbook.

And it can be self-paced.

What's really nice about this book, and this is where the Asperger's comes in again, I

insisted this time that it be utility of language.

We didn't waste words, we made it very clear, lots of graphics, lots of exercises, stories,

everything's to the point, we cut the words out, and made it so you can go through this

with a job coach or a parent or even by yourself and self-paced and it starts with the fundamentals

of the understanding of the work situation because a lot of them don't understand that.

Goes all the way through every area.

What age group is that aimed at, or is it for any age?

It's from high school to college, through college.

And ao it's that age group that it's written for.

Alright, well Michael McManmon we want to thank you so much for being a guest here on

Exploring Different Brains.

We look forward to continue to highlight your work here at differentbrains.org and any way

we can help you and your organization and your son and the College Internship Program

achieve your worthy goals, we're very very glad to.

Thank you so much for having me, and I want to say one thing.

One of the hardest parts of interviews for me is that I've had to learn the social skill

of asking you questions and not just talking all the time.

So it was hard for me not to say well how is your family, or how is your business community?

You know, it was really difficult because now I try to use reciprocal conversation skills,

you know, as aspies it's easy for us to just lecture you.

Right?

Well our audience doesn't want to hear about me, they want to hear about you.

Michael McManmon, the College Internship Program, thank you so much for being with us here at

Different Brains.

Thank you very much for having me.

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10 More Little Known People Who Changed the World - Duration: 24:33.

10 More Little Known People Who Changed the World

One of the pillars of the Nazi platform was to scapegoat and persecute the Jewish people. Of course, they had bigger plans for the Jews; notably, they wanted to systematically exterminate them.

But they needed a reason to move on to the next phase and that reason would come in 1938.

17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan was a German-born Jew and after the rise of the Nazi party, he moved to France where he lived in exile.

He couldn't find work because he wasn't a legal citizen and he was worried that if he did get a job, it would draw too much attention and he would be sent back to Germany.

On November 7, 1938, he purchased a gun and a box of ammunition and then he went to the German Embassy. He walked up to Nazi German diplomat Ernst vom Rath and shot him five times. Vom Rath died two days later.

On the day he died, Joseph Goebbels gave a speech and used the assassination as proof of how dangerous Jewish people were.

That speech led directly to the Kristallnacht, also known as the "Night of Broken Glass." On the night of the speech, throughout Germany, 200 synagogues were destroyed, Jewish businesses were ransacked, 100 Jewish people were killed, and over 30,000 men were arrested for being Jewish, and then shipped off to concentration camps.

 Historians widely regard the Kristallnacht as the start of the Holocaust. It marked the turning point from persecution to violence, murder, and concentration camps.

As for Grynszpan, he was arrested and held by the French. After the fall of France in June 1940, Grynszpan was sent to Germany so that he could be questioned by the Gestapo.

After that, no one is sure what happened to him, and for decades people just assumed he died in a concentration camp.

But then in 2016, a historian found a picture in the archives of Vienna's Jewish Museum and in the picture, there is a man that looks like Grynszpan. The picture was taken at a camp of displaced people in 1946.

If the person in the picture is really Grynszpan, it means he survived the war. However, it has never been confirmed and his true fate is unknown.

The most influential person in training new doctors wasn't a doctor at all. Abraham Flexner was an educator who was the founder and director of a preparatory college in Louisville, Kentucky.

In 1908, he published The American College: A Criticism, which had suggestions and criticisms of how college in the United States should be taught. A lot of people dismissed it, thinking Flexner had no idea what he was talking about.

But it did catch the attention of the Carnegie Foundation, who commissioned Flexner to look into 155 medical colleges in the United States and Canada. His study resulted in The Flexner Report, which had a massive effect on the way medical schools are run.

One of the big changes he suggested was to stop doing so many lectures to medical students and to get them some more hands-on practical experience.

He also recommended that the standards for admittance should be raised and they should get rid of all for-profit schools. In the end, they ended up adopting all of his suggestions, thus creating the foundation of the modern school of medicine.

He also thought that a lot of the schools were in rough shape, so he recommended that two-thirds of them should be shut down. Within 25 years, the number of med-schools dropped from 155 to 66.

Most of them were the ones Flexner said needed to close.

Malcolm McLean was born into a North Carolina farming family in 1914. During the Great Depression, he started a small trucking company, which grew to have over 1,700 trucks by the 1950s.

What always struck McLean as a waste was when a ship came into a port, the merchandise had to be unloaded and then loaded onto the trucks.

McLean thought: wouldn't it be great if you could just move a container from the boat to the truck?.

McLean decided to pursue the idea in the 1950s. He sold his share in the truck business for $6 million, and then secured a loan from the bank for $42 million (others say $500 million).

He bought two old oil tankers, and then spent the rest on retro-fitting the tankers, and docking and repair facilities in Port Newark, New Jersey. When he was done in April 1956, the Ideal X was 30 feet long and held 58 boxes.

McLean's shipping containers caught on because it was way more efficient, which saved money, and the sealed containers made it harder for dock workers to steal from the trucks.

Soon, other dockyards were retrofitted to handle shipping containers and 40 years later they were the norm.

In 1996, about 90 percent of all the trade in the world was transported in shipping containers on ships that were specifically designed to carry them.

McLean sold his share in the shipping company in 1969 for $160 million. Afterwards, he dabbled in different things, but spent most of his time on his pig farm, where he worked until he died in 2001.

Despite revolutionizing the world of trade and being a major contributor to globalization, McLean is relatively unknown today. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.

Daniel Kahneman (pictured above) and Amos Tversky are a team of psychologists, so technically this list should be 11 Lesser Known People That Changed the World.

But as Michael Lewis explains in his book The Undoing Project, Kahneman and Tversky were such close friends and worked so well together that it was as if they shared one brain; albeit a super-brain.

They met in the 1960s at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and their collaborative and incredibly influential work between 1971 and 1979 focused on two very distinct themes – judgment and decision making. Judgment is weighing magnitudes and probabilities, such as, "What are the odds that I'll get this job that I'm sort of qualified for?" Where decision making is how we choose, which is what happens all the time.

For example, "will I accept the job?". What Kahneman and Tversky found was that people don't think like statisticians. Not even trained statisticians think like logical statisticians when it comes to judgment and decision making.

Instead, people respond to something called heuristics, which are mental shortcuts that the human brain has developed that make us focus on only one aspect of complex problems.

At first they identified three heuristics, but more have been identified in the ensuing years.

The first heuristic is availability. An example: what is more common in the United States – suicide by gun or homicide by gun? Even though suicide is more common, many people think that gun homicides happen more often.

That's because when people think about gun deaths, they remember homicide by gun because they are reported in the news quite frequently, and suicide by gun is infrequently mentioned.

The second heuristic is representative. It works like this: Jeff has tattoos, plays the guitar, teenagers listen to him, and he spends many of his evenings in bars.

Is it more likely that is Jeff a professional musician or a teacher? Based on the description, many people would pick musician, but statistically, it's more likely that he is a teacher because in society there are an overwhelming amount of teachers compared to professional musicians.

Another example of the representative heuristic is the Gambler's Fallacy. If you flip a coin nine times and the order lands HTHTHTHTH, some people may guess the 10th flip will be tails, but the prior flips actually have no impact on that 10th flip.

The final heuristic proposed by Kahneman and Tversky is anchoring and adjustment.

That is where a person has a starting point that is familiar and then they adjust from there. For example, let's say someone asks you, is the population of Nigeria higher or lower than 15 million people? You answer whatever you think it is, then they ask "what do you think is the specific amount of citizens in Nigeria?" You probably would guess somewhere around 15 million people.

Kahneman and Tversky's 1979 paper "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk" was revolutionary in the world of behaviorial economics and forever changed the social sciences.

Kahneman was awarded The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2002, an award he definitely would have shared with Tversky, but sadly Tversky passed away in June 1996 from metastatic melanoma.

One of Adolf Hitler's strongest personality traits was his charisma. It's arguably the main he was able to ascend to his position of power, which directly led to World War II and the Holocaust.

Hitler's charisma was so pronounced that there have been a couple books written solely on the topic.

What's interesting is that Hitler was actually an unlikely leader because he was a straight up weirdo. He was a hate-filled and deeply prejudiced man who didn't have many friends, and he had problems keeping relationships. He was also terrible at debating.

Then in 1919, 30-year-old Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, who was one of the founders of the German Workers' Party.

Eckart was a fierce anti-critic of the Treaty of Versailles and he blamed Germany's loss in World War I on the Jews and social democrats.

Months before Eckart met Hitler, he wrote a poem in which he would meet someone he called "the Great One," "the Nameless One," and "Whom all can sense but no one saw.

When Hitler went to one of Eckart's speeches and the two met, Eckart felt like he met his "German Messiah." He helped Hitler find his voice and trained him to use his charisma.

Eckart also introduced him to influential circles of people and Hitler was able to raise money for the German Workers' Party.

In 1920, the group Eckart co-founded was being led by his handpicked protegee, and they changed their name from the German Workers' Party to the National Socialist German Workers' Party; better known as the Nazi Party.

On November 9, 1923, Eckart was involved in the failed coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. He was arrested, but released a short time later because he was a sickly morphine addict. He died weeks later, on December 26, 1923.

Hitler dedicated a volume of Mein Kempf to the man he called "a fatherly friend" and he also named a stadium after him that was used in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

If you're a classic film buff (and that includes the references made in Blazing Saddles), you may know who Hedy Lamarr is, because in the 1930s and 1940s, she starred in some well known movies including Boom Town with Clark Gable and Samson and Delilah with Victor Mature.

Supposedly, she was the first choice of a producer to play Ilsa Lund in Casablanca, but the part ultimately went to Ingrid Bergman.

While she's almost certainly the most famous person on our list, Lamarr didn't change the world because she starred in some old movies, though. Instead it was her hobby that changed the world. In her spare time, Lamarr liked to work on inventions.

In 1942, Lamarr was at the height of her acting career, but she wanted to help in the war effort. Specifically, she wanted to help the Allies come up with a communications system that couldn't be intercepted by enemies.

So she and her friend, composer George Antheil, patented an idea for something they called the "Secret Communications System." It was a system that would change radio frequencies in a per-programmed method.

If someone was listening, they would only hear snippets before it changed to a different frequency.

Ultimately, the military didn't end up using the system. But decades later, Lamarr and Antheil's patent became really important because it was a cheap and effective way to create security in new emerging technologies like military communication, cellular phones, and WiFi.

As for Lamarr, her film career cooled down in the 1950s and her last movie was released in 1958. She became reclusive in her later life and passed away on January 19, 2000.

Born in the Bronx in September 1941, Dennis Ritchie got degrees from Harvard University in physics and applied mathematics and then went to work at Bell Lab in Murray Hill, New Jersey.

In the mid-1960s, Ritchie worked on a project called Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service), which was a joint venture between Bell Lab, General Electric, and MIT.

Bell Lab pulled out of the project in 1969, and Ritchie, along with his partner Ken Thompson, thought it was too bad they had to exit the project because they thought it had a lot of promise.

The problem with the Multics project was that the operating system was too complex. So Ritchie and Thompson decided to make a smaller and simpler operating system, which they called Unix.

Then, to ensure the operating system ran quickly and efficiently, Ritchie developed C programming language, which was based off a never-used programming language that was invented at Cambridge and London universities in 1964 called CPL (Combined Programming Language).

Ritchie and Thompson distributed Unix free to universities, who trained future computer scientists on the system. One devotee of Unix was Steve Jobs.

He used it when he started Apple and when he was fired in 1985, he used it to develop his NeXT workstation. When he was hired back by Apple, he brought Unix back with him.

As for C programming language, it's essentially the foundation of the internet and modern computing. Nearly everything on the internet and all your smart devices uses C programming language or something derivative of it.

Other languages, like Python and Ruby on the Rails, are implemented in C.

Ritchie died on October 12, 2011, exactly one week after Steve Jobs died and news of Jobs' death greatly overshadowed Ritchie's. When Richie died, Wired magazine called him "The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On.".

Percy Julian was born in 1899 in Montgomery, Alabama, and was the grandson of former slaves. Since Julian was black, he wasn't allowed to attend high school.

Instead, he applied to DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, and was accepted but had to take evening classes to get caught up.

Nevertheless, he graduated first in his class and then he went on to get a master's degree from Harvard in chemistry, but they wouldn't allow him to get his doctorate.

In order to do that, he left the country and got it from the University of Vienna in Austria.

In 1935, while working at DePauw, he made a impressive breakthrough. He and his partner became the first people to syntheisize physostigmine, which is used to treat people with glaucoma.

While many other people would be offered a teaching position for such a breakthrough, Julian was black and never offered a full time position. He ended up he leaving academia and got a job at the Glidden Company in Chicago working with soybeans.

While working there, he made several important discoveries. He was the first person to synthesize progesterone, which helps some women avoid miscarriages and is also used to treat cancer.

He also synthesized testosterone that is still used in steroids today. Finally, he also discovered how to make an inexpensive synthetic cortisone, which is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

In total, Julian had more than 100 chemical patents, but his work was more influential than just the products he created. By making important medical products plentiful and less expensive, Julian accelerated the research and growth of knowledge about them.

His techniques and products led directly to the development of chemical birth control and medicines to suppress the immune system, crucial in performing organ transplants.

Despite his overwhelming success, Julian face a lifetime of hardship and violent discrimination because of his skin color. He refused to back down and was a notable active Civil Rights activist.

Julian died in 1975, and just before he passed away, he said, "I have had one goal in my life, that of playing some role in making life a little easier for the persons who come after me.

First of all, no, that's not Edward Bernays pictured above. But it's some of his work, and it's a big part of how he changed the world (for better or worse), as we're about to tell you.

Bernays was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1891, but his family moved to New York City when he was just one.

When he was a young boy, he would travel to the Alps in the summer to spend time with his uncle, Sigmund Freud.

As an adult, Bernays opened a public relations office, and his uncle sent him a copy of A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis.

After reading it, Bernays realized that he could use psychoanalysis to persuade people to buy and do things without them even knowing that he was influencing them. To test his hypothesis, he tried to get women to smoke.

In 1929, it was taboo for women to smoke because it made them look sexually promiscuous.

Bernays knew if women could smoke, his client, Lucky Strike cigarettes, would make a lot of money. So Bernays consulted with Dr. A.A. Brill, who was the top psychoanalyst in New York. Brill said that cigarettes were symbolic of male power.

Bernays came up with a campaign where he called Lucky Strike cigarettes "Torches of Freedom." He then got a list of debutantes from Vogue magazine and told them that if they smoked cigarettes in a very public place, like Fifth Avenue, that they would be helping women's rights.

They were told to gather for the "protest" at the Easter Parade on April 1, 1929, and the press was alerted that the women would be gathering to smoke.

The press came out in droves and the story of women lighting up cigarettes made news both nationally and internationally. While it did very little for women's rights, it did help Bernays and the tobacco industry.

The Beechnut Packing Company also hired Bernays because they were having a problem selling one of their products – bacon. Yes, that's right: there was a time in America when bacon wasn't popular.

To get people to eat more bacon, Bernays surveyed physicians and asked them what would be better: a light breakfast or a hearty breakfast.

They overwhelmingly responded that a hearty breakfast was better, so Bernays created a marketing campaign that doctors recommend a breakfast of bacon, eggs, and toast; ultimately giving birth to the All-American breakfast.

Those are just two very specific ways Bernays changed the world, but his application of psychoanalysis to public relations has had a ripple effect on both advertising and propaganda that is still felt today.

You know what's great about modern times? Not dying in childhood from disease, or losing a child, a sibling, a relative, or a friend due to something like the measles or rubella.

The man that tens of millions of people have to thank for that is American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman.

Hilleman was born in Montana in 1919 and got his PhD in microbiology from the University of Chicago in 1944. After graduating, he went to work as a researcher at E.R.

Squibb & Sons, where he developed his first vaccine, which was used to protect American troops from the Japanese B encephalitis virus.

Hilleman then went on to work at what is now Merck & Co., Inc, where he developed or improved around 40 different vaccinations. This includes vaccinations for chicken pox, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, measles, meningitis, mumps, and rubella.

Out of the 14 vaccinations that are recommended for children today, nine of them were developed by Hilleman. According to The New York Times, he saved more lives than any other scientist in the 20th century.

But he was never awarded the Nobel Prize, although he arguably deserved to win. Instead, something rather unusual happened in 1998, towards the end of Hilleman's life. A respected medical journal, The Lancet, published an article by Dr.

Andrew Wakefield, who said that the rise in the prevalence of autism was caused by Hilleman's M.M.R., which was a vaccination for meningitis, mumps, and rubella that combined what was six shots into just two.

So instead of getting the Nobel Prize for saving tens of millions of lives, he got hate mail for causing the rise in autism rates.

In the years since the article was published, it has been widely discredited because there is absolutely no evidence of a link between vaccinations and autism. The Lancet has since retracted the article and in 2010 Wakefield was stripped of his medical license. However, the damage was already done.

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