I am dancing on the floor with you
And when you touch my hand
I go crazy‚ yeah
The music tells me what to feel
I like you now‚ but is it real?
By the time we say goodnight
I will know if this is right
And I feel you
Coming through my veins
Am I into you?
Or is the music to blame?
Who owns my heart?
Is it love or is it art?
′Cause the way you got your body moving
It is got me confused‚ and I can′t tell if It is the beat or sparks
Who owns my heart?
Is it love or is it art?
You know‚ I wanna believe that We are a masterpiece
But sometimes It is hard to tell in the dark
Who owns my heart?
The room is full‚ but all I see
Is the way your eyes just blaze through me
Like fire in the dark
We are like living art
And it hit is me
Like a tidal wave
Are you feeling me?
Or is the music to blame?
Who owns my heart?
Is it love or is it art?
′Cause the way you got your body moving
It is got me confused‚ and I can′t tell if It is the beat or sparks
Who owns my heart?
Is it love or is it art?
You know‚ I wanna believe that We are a masterpiece
But sometimes It is hard to tell in the dark
Who owns my heart?
So come on‚ baby
Keep provoking me‚ keep on roping me
Like a Romeo‚ baby‚ pull me close
Come on‚ here we go‚ here we go‚ here we go
And it hit is me
Like a tidal wave
Are you feeling me?
Or is the music to blame?
Who owns my heart?
Is it love or is it art?
′Cause the way you got your body moving
It is got me confused‚ and I can′t tell if It is the beat or sparks
Who owns my heart?
Is it love or is it art?
You know‚ I wanna believe that We are a masterpiece
But sometimes It is hard to tell in the dark
Who owns my heart?
Who owns my heart?
Who owns my heart?
www.RentAnAdviser.com
For more infomation >> 34 Who Owns My Heart - Duration: 3:40.-------------------------------------------
Learn From The Pros & Become A FAA Certified Drone Pilot. Enroll Online Today.
-------------------------------------------
✅ "Jarňáky" na severu Moravy: Lidé vybrali sklady půjčoven s lyžemi i běžkami - Duration: 1:53.
Na počátku února mají půjčovny lyžařského vybavení žně. V Moravskoslezském kraji jarní prázdniny odstartovaly v Ostravě
Školáci a studenti na Karvinsku se můžou na jarní prázdniny těšit už příští týden
Následovat bude okres Frýdek-Místek, o týden později Nový Jičín, dále Bruntál a v polovině března týdenní prázdniny zakončí na Opavsku
Zájem o půjčení lyžařského vybavení je větší než loni. Na nejlepší kousky berou půjčovny rezervace
Díky sněhové nadílce v Beskydech si letos sportovci půjčují i běžky
„Je výrazně větší zájem, je to opravdu poznat. Lidé si půjčují většinou celé sety
Letos jde více i běžkařina, která loni nešla, protože na běžky nebyl sníh," řekla Ivana Králová z půjčovny v Odrách na Novojičínsku
Do Alp chtějí lyžaři lepší vybavení Všichni provozovatelé půjčoven se shodují, letos jde půjčování lyži na dračku
„Zájem je větší než loni. Sníh je všude, tak je samozřejmě velký zájem o půjčování," řekla Hana Kubánková z ostravské půjčovny
Lidé si nejčastěji půjčují celou výbavu, tedy lyže, přilbu, hůlky i boty
„Do Alp se půjčují lepší lyže. Na hory u nás se většinou půjčují standardy
Teď se půjčuje nejvíce na týden a víc, do Rakouska nebo do Itálie taky na týden nebo víkendy, a pak samozřejmě na lyžařské kurzy," řekla Kubánková
V Mostech si půjčíte lyže i běžky na sjezdovce I v Mostech u Jablunkova na Frýdecko-Místecku zaznamenali nárůst zájmu o půjčení vybavení
„Půjčuje se to stejné, co v minulých letech - lyže, dětské lyže, snowboardy
Lyže a snowboardy se půjčují tak rovným dílem, teď se zvýšil zájem o běžky, protože na ně dlouho nebyl sníh," řekl vedoucí půjčovny Tomáš Solowski
Půjčení lyžařského nebo snowboardového kompletu včetně seřízení vázání tam na týdenní lyžařský kurz stojí 700 korun a běžkařský komplet na jeden den 300 korun
Cely jsou ve většině půjčoven srovnatelné. VIDEO: Václava Klause uvěznila v Alpách kalamita
Sníh mu znemožnil vrátit se do Prahy Video délka: 00:40 1080p 720p 360p REKLAMA Václava Klause uvěznila v Alpách kalamita
Sníh mu znemožnil vrátit se do Prahy Institut Václava Klause
-------------------------------------------
803 spruce st - Duration: 4:44.
-------------------------------------------
Invadir America Latina : Es posible? - Duration: 23:29.
Latin America is composed of the majority of the countries of the American continent with
exception of the United States and Canada, due to its many riches many members
of our audience have asked us if it is possible to invade each and every one of your
countries, the question is: is it possible to invade Latin America ?, the short answer is NO,
but if you want more details then ... Let's talk about war.
This is the channel where we treat everything referring to military technology and scenarios
of invasions, so subscribe if you're again activating the bell so you do not get
miss any of our videos, and when commenting do not use bad words or insults to
that we can approve your comment.
Before starting, we want to establish that this video is for educational purposes, and that
does not intend in any way to encourage or relive any kind of conflict between nations,
races, social ideologies or beliefs, and that we have no commitment to any
of them. The other thing is, what you have to keep in mind is that
because of the broadness of the subject we have put an index in the description of the video so you can
see it in parts and finish it later if Your time is limited.
Necessarily so that we can understand the scenario of the video we must take into account
The following definitions:
An invasion is the appropriation of the land of one nation by members of another,
so that to invade, people must get to take over the land and resources,
it is not enough to make missile attacks or bombings, do not count the nuclear attacks because
there would be no benefit in invading or taking over of a nation destroyed.
The second is that the concept of "America Latina "brings together, as we already mentioned, all
the countries of languages that come from Latin, these are the Spanish spoken in the majority
of their countries, Portuguese Spoken in Brazil, and French or more exactly the dialect
Creole spoken in Haiti. However, also It should be noted that although in the United States
The official language is English, there are several states where the predominant language is
Spanish in close proximity to Mexico to part of Puerto Rico, and in Canada there are several
states that its official language is French.
All this means, that to invade America complete latina would have to conquer
the territory of 20 countries, including that they might have problems defending themselves
are Costa Rica and Panama that have no army and depend on international agreements, and
finally Haiti that although it has strength military are very small for their precarious
economic situation.
Finally, we must remember that Puerto Rico it is not a country, it is a free associated state
to the United States, so strategically because of its geographical position I would have very
important role in this whole scenario, not be that Puerto Rico decides to separate from States
United and join the countries threatened by the invasion.
We must bear in mind, that for the great extension of terrain no superpower alone could
conquer complete Latin America, not even United States with its geographical proximity,
because the number of active military Latin America exceeds it, and the amount of
military reserves is five times greater. To all this, you add the civilians with weapons
legal or illegal that would lend resistance to the invaders. We must also have in
account that no other superpower would dare to such a feat without the support or participation
of the United States, because the Americans they will not allow their rivals to conquer
on your own continent.
United States could not in an operation that it would take months or years to conquer one
for one the Latin American countries, because the wear would be too great. Further,
we must consider that an important part of the American armed forces, is
conformed by people of Latin origin of first and second generation, that is, they have
your close relatives (parents and grandparents and children) in the countries that would be conquered
by force. This situation would reduce considerably the number of military
active and in reserve of united states that they would participate in the invasion.
Then we must also consider, that both the military of Latin origin and
immigrants from Latin American nations they would be a big problem for stability
of the United States, since demonstrations against the invasion would be made
throughout the country, and many of them would end in riots that should be controlled
by the police and the national guard, which a significant amount is also
of Latin origin.
Finally, although the president of states united can order a military intervention
by executive order, so that the United States can undertake or participate in similar
feat and that involves occupying so many countries together with the objective of attaching them, the order
must be given by the president and have the support of the congress, a situation that is very
unlikely, because by the time of the publication of this video, the congress of
America was dominated by opposition, added to that in the final elections
of 2018, 41 of its 535 members were of origin Latin.
An extremely unlikely alliance between
the first four superpowers that are United States, Russia, India and China would be
necessary to overcome Latin American forces in number, at least by a factor of 2 to 1.
These alliances would be behind the backs of the nations united, that would have to be dissolved or be
ignored in all its resolutions when dealing to prevent the invasion.
We must also understand that the countries of the invading alliance strategically not
will bring all their military power to the invasion, because they would be vulnerable in turn from their
enemies, neglecting the work of defense, internal control and disaster mitigation.
As a final point we must understand, that the social composition of the United States is
almost impossible that the plan to conquer all of Latin America is kept secret by
a lot of time, so on our stage all Latin American countries would be
on alert and waiting to be attacked.
We must then establish what benefits they would get the invaders if they succeeded
in invading Latin America. First we have that although the invading powers
they are oil producers, the reserves Latin American oil companies are more than double,
to this is added the mining of metals that the invaders need for their industries,
like Lithium to make batteries whose world reserves are owned by Argentina,
Bolivia and Chile at 85%, we also have Silver and Zinc from Mexico and Peru, which
are the world's largest producers, A part that Chile and Peru are the producers and
largest copper reservists. By last in the case of Brazil, apart from its Diamonds,
an important wealth are the so-called "metals of rare earths ", which are essential
for the manufacture of high items technology like mobile devices or disks
hard, apart from that they have great applications for livestock and agriculture.
The beginning of the war would seriously disrupt world trade and the economic consequences
would be devastating, not only for Latinos but for the invaders, and although
the economy of the United States only exports to Latin America 14%, imports
they are 24%, so this important deficit of the Americans would have to be covered
by one of the allies, and in turn, States United would have to cover the deficiencies
of the remaining invading nations.
From all this we must consider that Mexico would be the nation most affected, because it depends
in 80% of the trade with the United States, However, a commercial blockade to all of America
Latina would not work 100%, since the invaders would have to use almost
all his army to maintain the naval blockade monitoring the retaliation of Latinos,
because it is to be expected that submarines are used and other ships available, to attack the
Commercial ships on the way to the United States and its allies, which would reduce the flow
maritime trade towards the nations invaders
Another commercial exchange that would be seriously deranged is the Air, with its constant flow
of people and cargo, which represents only for the US economy 1.3 trillion
of dollars each year, North American airlines they would lose a part of their profits by leaving
to travel to the 20 Latin countries, and also the rest of the world air transport be
would be seriously threatened, because when seen prevented from carrying out their air operations,
Some countries such as Brazil or Argentina could convert your civil aircraft into aircraft
of rudimentary combat, which would threaten air transport to and from states
united, and would force the Americans to use a large part of their military aircraft
to protect and escort civil aircraft of passengers and cargo, which obviously implies
significant wear on fuel, vehicles and personal.
The most logical thing is for the invaders to use its medium and long range missiles in
a first stage, and its furtive aircraft and tactical bombers in a second stage,
all this to destroy the oil wells, dams, power plants and airports
Latinos, however, remember that Latinos are adapted to live in extreme situations,
with little or no electricity, and also are favored by the climate near
Ecuador, which allows them to have agricultural resources enough and you do not need energy to
heating in the winter. So that bomb the energy infrastructure
would weaken Latino resistance but not It would be decisive, because clandestine refineries
can be established for the process and fuel trade, taking the guerrillas
enough experience in this line. In conclusion, we have to although Mexico and
the islands of the Caribbean would be the most affected commercially, South America will survive
because their countries are interconnected by land and for having enough wealth
agricultural and mining.
Obviously at the beginning and during the invasion the invaders will not allow any advantage
technology to the nations pending by invade, so that the first actions
it would be the denial of access to systems of global positioning, so that weapons
Latinas will not be able to access the GPS of states together, GLOSNASS of Russia and Beidou of
Chinese, although some weapons bought in Europe they could still access the Galileo system.
We also have to consider the denial in access to telecommunications as
submarine cables and satellite communications, this means that from that moment
nations to invade would not have access to Services in the network of companies
Americans, and they would not have access to Google, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Email,
WhatsApp and other social networks.
The only communication alternatives for Latinos would be Radio and television
local for civilians, and communicators of Radio Frequency for the military, these
they can be easily intervened, but to do so it is necessary that the device
of interference that in most of the cases is short-range and needs to be taken
by a vehicle, regularly an airplane, which means that by the great extent
of terrain and the number of devices available interference, these would only be
used in active combat zones and for protect high-value equipment and personnel,
which means that the invaders would not have ability to neutralize all communications
soldiers during the invasion, leaving Latinos the ability to communicate for
regroup, support and attack when necessary.
The greatest advantage of the invaders over the Latinos is in the quantity and quality of their
military aircraft, because the United States, Russia and China are the leaders in the design
and construction of aircraft, this without counting that much of the combat aircraft
Latinas are bought precisely to these nations, we must also consider that
the superpowers do not sell their aircraft of last generation to maintain advantage
strategic, in addition to that for reasons of cost most military aircraft
Latinas are more than 30 years old.
The inconveniences that the invaders would have in the air campaign is that obviously the
air bases in the Latin countries would not be used, leaving only Puerto Rico with
the all-important tactical position in the center of the Caribbean for refueling
Aerial and Naval, so that Puerto Rico decide not to participate they would have to depend
of the bases in the United States and aircraft carriers. To this is added that by the beginning of 2018
Russia had its only aircraft carrier under repair, which would cause their aircraft to have
to use the two aircraft carriers that china has in operation. What makes things worse
is that the range of Chinese carriers is limited because they use conventional fuel,
what would cause them to have to be recharged of fuel several times before arriving
at a usable distance for the invasion, so we should consider that the support of
India, China and Russia could focus on tactical and strategic bombing, more
some attack missions using their multipurpose aircraft.
Impose an air restriction zone It is also very difficult, especially in the
case of South America, due to its great extension of terrain and mountain ranges, so
which small and medium-scale flights will be made in South America, and part
of the civilians will be the flights of transports of the Latin military. After passing the
first and second stage of the air attacks, combat aircraft, multipurpose
and bombing will go on to support the campaigns maritime and terrestrial.
We must keep in mind that neither States United would be safe in their territory,
that in Latin America there is knowledge enough to develop rudimentary missiles
of medium alance to attack their cities, so that anti-missile shields should
be installed mainly in the south and border with Mexico and the East Coast to
protect its citizens, which would increase the internal crisis when seeing some activities
everyday affected by the war. Maritime Campaign
In the maritime campaign the invaders would use his army to locate and destroy the majority
of the Latin ships, of these vessels near of half are small scale and dedicated
for coastal patrol and defense. Without However, in the case of South America, things
they are more difficult, because the navies of Chile, Peru and Brazil would present an important
resistance to the invading army, with the possibility of the sinking of some of their ships with
the support of their respective air forces and units of naval aviation, The Latin Navy
it would also be formed by Argentina, country who has experience in naval warfare.
It is also necessary to consider, that a Once the invasion operations begin
and Central American countries feel threatened and South America, tactical bulges and attack
with cannons and missiles can be directed to the Panama Canal, with the destruction of
channel, the invading army could not cross the oceans to regroup.
Anyway, the invading army decimated the Latin Navy, and participate with the
bombing of civilian and military targets with the launching of missiles and cannonades
at a distance, although as we mentioned earlier the invading army would have to take part
of your vehicles and resources in the location of the Latin submarines, and in the protection
of freight ships from regular trade to and from the United States and allies, and
especially the ships that will transport the personnel and equipment for the land campaign.
The most difficult part is the land campaign, since none of the invading nations possess
the ability to transport large quantities of equipment and personnel in a single operation,
so it would have to be transported by Air command units with sufficient equipment
to occupy and secure commercial ports, which would then be used for the disembarkation
of regular troops and equipment using boats of the merchant marine. This would not be either
easy task because apart from the ports the ground must be secured kilometers to
the round to avoid being targeted by artillery latina In addition to these transport vessels
could be preyed upon by Latin submarines on the high seas, if any one comes to outwit
the defensive perimeters of the fleets.
Obviously the only exception to this rule is Mexico, that with its closeness to States
United presents the greatest risk, incredibly Mexico does not have tanks or combat aircraft,
which would make it impossible to prevent states united will dominate the heavens and destroy the
most of its armored combat vehicles in the clashes, however the process
to dominate all the Mexican territory not it would be so easy because of the difficulties of
ground, so that the invaders chasing the goal of conquering all of Latin America,
they would concentrate on seizing and defending the oil production and mining areas
to continue financing the invasion. The inconveniences of the invaders in Mexican soil
would be the guerrilla movements which would be greatly strengthened, so
that a good amount of personnel should stay to monitor and defend the zones
Mexicans conquered.
The countries of Central America could be conquered with personnel deployments and
equipment from the armies, so small of the terrain would not have major difficulties,
however, also a good amount of personnel and equipment would have to be assigned
to watch over and defend the Panama Canal, both by land, sea and air with the possibility
that an anti-missile shield is installed.
The islands of the Caribbean with the exception of Cuba would not present major problems for
Invaders, The Cuban armed forces would offer good ground resistance to the invaders,
with the possibility of some movements guerrillas, but in the end they would also be
defeated by besieging the island everywhere and establish searches and elimination with
drones both day and night.
If Puerto Rico decides to stay as part of the United States, would play a key role
in the replenishment of aircraft and ships of the navy, as well as in the maintenance
of equipment subject to wear by the invasion, which means that all the
island would become a military base of high logistical value for the invasion, as well
that also in Puerto Rico an important Team quota and personnel must be
assigned to monitor and protect, especially to the maintenance and logistics staff
whose service and knowledge is invaluable for the invasion.
When deciding to conquer America of the South is that things start to get
difficult, as you enter with the army from the Pacific Ocean is not convenient, because
the land of Peru, Chile and part of Argentina It is very rugged with a wide area of
mountain ranges and deserts, which would reduce speed of vehicles and make them vulnerable
to artillery fire, so that this side, the most convenient thing is to carry out the operations
airlines having this same barrier as protection.
The other thing that complicates things is Guyana French, which by definition is part of
the European Union and it's the territory of France, in it is the spaceport of
Kourou, operated by the European Space Agency, what could force France to send a
military contingent to defend it and demand to the invading forces the conservation of
its facilities intact.
The country with the greatest power to face it to the invaders is Brazil, which is the first
Latin American military power, manufactures weapons and has a considerable amount of
active and reserve military, apart from that the land of Brazil is Immense. The military
Brazilians added to the other military forces remnants of South America would face
the invaders in urban and rural areas and the guerrilla movements that have already
decades of experience would be the nightmare for the establishment of chains of
supply, without them sooner or later Invading forces would be exhausted and weakened.
So in conclusion, although the Invaders can conquer Mexico, Central America
and the islands of the Caribbean, South America Never Will fall.
Let us know in the comments if there are other reasons why it is not possible to invade
Latin America We also invite you to meet our new
science fiction channel Messages of the Future, the first 100 people who subscribe
will receive a mention with your name in the next video
If you liked the video, press your thumb to above and share it on your social networks,
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some other interesting video.
-------------------------------------------
Sirop naturel fait maison contre les quintes de toux - Duration: 1:54.
-------------------------------------------
Does Depression Make You More Realistic? - Duration: 5:39.
[INTRO ♪]
I think I'm above average in a lot of ways—
I'm a better driver than most.
I'm pretty, like, hilarious, for example. Right?
But that just can't possibly be true of everyone who thinks so.
In fact, psychologists have shown that humans tend to be a little bit mistaken about themselves—usually they think that they're a bit better at things than they actually are.
But some people with depression are less likely to have this bias.
And for a long time, that fueled the idea that people with depression were more accurate judges of reality—a concept dubbed depressive realism.
In popular media, it's been used to claim that people with depression don't have a negative worldview, they're just more objective and 'see the world as it really is'.
But as psychologists looked further into this idea, it's become clear that depressed people aren't necessarily more realistic or objective in their assessments of things.
The phenomenon only happens under certain circumstances—ones where people who aren't depressed are generally positively-biased.
Depressive realism was first proposed in the late 1970s when researchers had 96 students try to guess whether a button they could press controlled a green light.
People who self-reported fewer symptoms of depression rated themselves as having more control over the light than they actually did, while those who reported more symptoms were more spot-on.
And since then, a lot of other research has found similar results.
For example, a 1987 study had 80 people pair up and have brief conversations.
Then, afterward, they had each person rate their own social competence.
The conversations were also viewed by outside observers, and it turned out the self-ratings from the people with depression were closer to the ratings of these observers, while everyone else rated themselves much higher.
And that's a pretty common thing people do.
Basically, we look at ourselves and our abilities with rose colored glasses.
But pulling off those glasses doesn't necessarily mean people with depression are actually seeing the world more objectively.
Lots of studies also support the cognitive distortion model.
That's the idea that depression distorts reality, so that people view themselves and their future prospects more negatively than they actually are.
You can see this in a study that gave 19 depressed patients and 12 without depression an identical sheet of feedback about a conversation they'd had.
Both groups thought the feedback was equally accurate, but a few minutes later, the group with depression remembered it being a lot more negative than it actually was.
As scientists dig deeper into depressive realism, they're finding that depressed people aren't super objective observers.
People with depression tend to be more biased about other people's abilities, for example—thinking everyone else is better at things than they actually are.
They aren't always more accurate about the world, or even themselves.
For example, in a 1991 study, researchers asked hundreds of their students to make predictions about what would happen to them over the next semester—things like whether they'd get an A, or be the victim of a crime.
In the end, fewer of the predictions made by students which scored high on a depression scale came true, even though they were just as confident as their peers when they made them.
A 2012 meta-analysis was able to find 75 studies on depressive realism to suss out when it happens and when it doesn't.
And they found that you're more likely to see depressive realism if there's no objective standard for reality, for example.
Like, in the study where people observed conversations, it's not like those observers were infallible.
Their ratings of social competence were just their opinions.
In studies where researchers can control the truth, the effect is usually smaller.
And it also makes a difference whether people self-report their symptoms or have a clinician perform a structured interview.
You're more likely to see the effect if people self-report their symptoms as opposed to have a clinician diagnose them.
And that's a bit weird, because clinicians should be better able to distinguish who really has depression from who doesn't.
So some psychologists think it may indicate there's something else at play—
something other than depression that both leads to people to report more symptoms and dials down their positivity bias, though it's not clear what that something would be.
All these caveats make it seem like the few cases of accuracy are a side effect of the cognitive distortions that typically appear with depression.
Like, most people think they have more control over the world than they really do —
that's why, when asked about whether some button controls a light, people without depression weren't as accurate as those with depression.
But researchers have found that they can make this effect go away by shortening the time participants have in between each test of the button, or by changing their expectations about whether it's going to work.
Depressed patients are only more accurate when they have time to think about it.
And giving them information that should lower their expectation of control—like, that they're testing old lab equipment—doesn't change their judgements.
That suggests that people with depression are actually not paying attention to all the relevant information rather than more objectively assessing the world as it is.
In the end, there isn't really evidence that being depressed gives you some reality-seeing superpower.
It just makes you see things a little more... depressingly.
And, on occasion, that view of things is more accurate.
But other times—a lot of the time—it's really not.
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
If you liked learning about how depression affects the brain, you might be interested in our episode on 3 lesser-known symptoms of depression.
And to keep up to date with all of our psych episodes, be sure to click on that subscribe button!
[OUTRO ♪]
-------------------------------------------
Here & Now February 4 2019 - Duration: 1:05:46.
-------------------------------------------
Invadir America Latina : Es posible? - Duration: 23:29.
Latin America is composed of the majority of the countries of the American continent with
exception of the United States and Canada, due to its many riches many members
of our audience have asked us if it is possible to invade each and every one of your
countries, the question is: is it possible to invade Latin America ?, the short answer is NO,
but if you want more details then ... Let's talk about war.
This is the channel where we treat everything referring to military technology and scenarios
of invasions, so subscribe if you're again activating the bell so you do not get
miss any of our videos, and when commenting do not use bad words or insults to
that we can approve your comment.
Before starting, we want to establish that this video is for educational purposes, and that
does not intend in any way to encourage or relive any kind of conflict between nations,
races, social ideologies or beliefs, and that we have no commitment to any
of them. The other thing is, what you have to keep in mind is that
because of the broadness of the subject we have put an index in the description of the video so you can
see it in parts and finish it later if Your time is limited.
Necessarily so that we can understand the scenario of the video we must take into account
The following definitions:
An invasion is the appropriation of the land of one nation by members of another,
so that to invade, people must get to take over the land and resources,
it is not enough to make missile attacks or bombings, do not count the nuclear attacks because
there would be no benefit in invading or taking over of a nation destroyed.
The second is that the concept of "America Latina "brings together, as we already mentioned, all
the countries of languages that come from Latin, these are the Spanish spoken in the majority
of their countries, Portuguese Spoken in Brazil, and French or more exactly the dialect
Creole spoken in Haiti. However, also It should be noted that although in the United States
The official language is English, there are several states where the predominant language is
Spanish in close proximity to Mexico to part of Puerto Rico, and in Canada there are several
states that its official language is French.
All this means, that to invade America complete latina would have to conquer
the territory of 20 countries, including that they might have problems defending themselves
are Costa Rica and Panama that have no army and depend on international agreements, and
finally Haiti that although it has strength military are very small for their precarious
economic situation.
Finally, we must remember that Puerto Rico it is not a country, it is a free associated state
to the United States, so strategically because of its geographical position I would have very
important role in this whole scenario, not be that Puerto Rico decides to separate from States
United and join the countries threatened by the invasion.
We must bear in mind, that for the great extension of terrain no superpower alone could
conquer complete Latin America, not even United States with its geographical proximity,
because the number of active military Latin America exceeds it, and the amount of
military reserves is five times greater. To all this, you add the civilians with weapons
legal or illegal that would lend resistance to the invaders. We must also have in
account that no other superpower would dare to such a feat without the support or participation
of the United States, because the Americans they will not allow their rivals to conquer
on your own continent.
United States could not in an operation that it would take months or years to conquer one
for one the Latin American countries, because the wear would be too great. Further,
we must consider that an important part of the American armed forces, is
conformed by people of Latin origin of first and second generation, that is, they have
your close relatives (parents and grandparents and children) in the countries that would be conquered
by force. This situation would reduce considerably the number of military
active and in reserve of united states that they would participate in the invasion.
Then we must also consider, that both the military of Latin origin and
immigrants from Latin American nations they would be a big problem for stability
of the United States, since demonstrations against the invasion would be made
throughout the country, and many of them would end in riots that should be controlled
by the police and the national guard, which a significant amount is also
of Latin origin.
Finally, although the president of states united can order a military intervention
by executive order, so that the United States can undertake or participate in similar
feat and that involves occupying so many countries together with the objective of attaching them, the order
must be given by the president and have the support of the congress, a situation that is very
unlikely, because by the time of the publication of this video, the congress of
America was dominated by opposition, added to that in the final elections
of 2018, 41 of its 535 members were of origin Latin.
An extremely unlikely alliance between
the first four superpowers that are United States, Russia, India and China would be
necessary to overcome Latin American forces in number, at least by a factor of 2 to 1.
These alliances would be behind the backs of the nations united, that would have to be dissolved or be
ignored in all its resolutions when dealing to prevent the invasion.
We must also understand that the countries of the invading alliance strategically not
will bring all their military power to the invasion, because they would be vulnerable in turn from their
enemies, neglecting the work of defense, internal control and disaster mitigation.
As a final point we must understand, that the social composition of the United States is
almost impossible that the plan to conquer all of Latin America is kept secret by
a lot of time, so on our stage all Latin American countries would be
on alert and waiting to be attacked.
We must then establish what benefits they would get the invaders if they succeeded
in invading Latin America. First we have that although the invading powers
they are oil producers, the reserves Latin American oil companies are more than double,
to this is added the mining of metals that the invaders need for their industries,
like Lithium to make batteries whose world reserves are owned by Argentina,
Bolivia and Chile at 85%, we also have Silver and Zinc from Mexico and Peru, which
are the world's largest producers, A part that Chile and Peru are the producers and
largest copper reservists. By last in the case of Brazil, apart from its Diamonds,
an important wealth are the so-called "metals of rare earths ", which are essential
for the manufacture of high items technology like mobile devices or disks
hard, apart from that they have great applications for livestock and agriculture.
The beginning of the war would seriously disrupt world trade and the economic consequences
would be devastating, not only for Latinos but for the invaders, and although
the economy of the United States only exports to Latin America 14%, imports
they are 24%, so this important deficit of the Americans would have to be covered
by one of the allies, and in turn, States United would have to cover the deficiencies
of the remaining invading nations.
From all this we must consider that Mexico would be the nation most affected, because it depends
in 80% of the trade with the United States, However, a commercial blockade to all of America
Latina would not work 100%, since the invaders would have to use almost
all his army to maintain the naval blockade monitoring the retaliation of Latinos,
because it is to be expected that submarines are used and other ships available, to attack the
Commercial ships on the way to the United States and its allies, which would reduce the flow
maritime trade towards the nations invaders
Another commercial exchange that would be seriously deranged is the Air, with its constant flow
of people and cargo, which represents only for the US economy 1.3 trillion
of dollars each year, North American airlines they would lose a part of their profits by leaving
to travel to the 20 Latin countries, and also the rest of the world air transport be
would be seriously threatened, because when seen prevented from carrying out their air operations,
Some countries such as Brazil or Argentina could convert your civil aircraft into aircraft
of rudimentary combat, which would threaten air transport to and from states
united, and would force the Americans to use a large part of their military aircraft
to protect and escort civil aircraft of passengers and cargo, which obviously implies
significant wear on fuel, vehicles and personal.
The most logical thing is for the invaders to use its medium and long range missiles in
a first stage, and its furtive aircraft and tactical bombers in a second stage,
all this to destroy the oil wells, dams, power plants and airports
Latinos, however, remember that Latinos are adapted to live in extreme situations,
with little or no electricity, and also are favored by the climate near
Ecuador, which allows them to have agricultural resources enough and you do not need energy to
heating in the winter. So that bomb the energy infrastructure
would weaken Latino resistance but not It would be decisive, because clandestine refineries
can be established for the process and fuel trade, taking the guerrillas
enough experience in this line. In conclusion, we have to although Mexico and
the islands of the Caribbean would be the most affected commercially, South America will survive
because their countries are interconnected by land and for having enough wealth
agricultural and mining.
Obviously at the beginning and during the invasion the invaders will not allow any advantage
technology to the nations pending by invade, so that the first actions
it would be the denial of access to systems of global positioning, so that weapons
Latinas will not be able to access the GPS of states together, GLOSNASS of Russia and Beidou of
Chinese, although some weapons bought in Europe they could still access the Galileo system.
We also have to consider the denial in access to telecommunications as
submarine cables and satellite communications, this means that from that moment
nations to invade would not have access to Services in the network of companies
Americans, and they would not have access to Google, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Email,
WhatsApp and other social networks.
The only communication alternatives for Latinos would be Radio and television
local for civilians, and communicators of Radio Frequency for the military, these
they can be easily intervened, but to do so it is necessary that the device
of interference that in most of the cases is short-range and needs to be taken
by a vehicle, regularly an airplane, which means that by the great extent
of terrain and the number of devices available interference, these would only be
used in active combat zones and for protect high-value equipment and personnel,
which means that the invaders would not have ability to neutralize all communications
soldiers during the invasion, leaving Latinos the ability to communicate for
regroup, support and attack when necessary.
The greatest advantage of the invaders over the Latinos is in the quantity and quality of their
military aircraft, because the United States, Russia and China are the leaders in the design
and construction of aircraft, this without counting that much of the combat aircraft
Latinas are bought precisely to these nations, we must also consider that
the superpowers do not sell their aircraft of last generation to maintain advantage
strategic, in addition to that for reasons of cost most military aircraft
Latinas are more than 30 years old.
The inconveniences that the invaders would have in the air campaign is that obviously the
air bases in the Latin countries would not be used, leaving only Puerto Rico with
the all-important tactical position in the center of the Caribbean for refueling
Aerial and Naval, so that Puerto Rico decide not to participate they would have to depend
of the bases in the United States and aircraft carriers. To this is added that by the beginning of 2018
Russia had its only aircraft carrier under repair, which would cause their aircraft to have
to use the two aircraft carriers that china has in operation. What makes things worse
is that the range of Chinese carriers is limited because they use conventional fuel,
what would cause them to have to be recharged of fuel several times before arriving
at a usable distance for the invasion, so we should consider that the support of
India, China and Russia could focus on tactical and strategic bombing, more
some attack missions using their multipurpose aircraft.
Impose an air restriction zone It is also very difficult, especially in the
case of South America, due to its great extension of terrain and mountain ranges, so
which small and medium-scale flights will be made in South America, and part
of the civilians will be the flights of transports of the Latin military. After passing the
first and second stage of the air attacks, combat aircraft, multipurpose
and bombing will go on to support the campaigns maritime and terrestrial.
We must keep in mind that neither States United would be safe in their territory,
that in Latin America there is knowledge enough to develop rudimentary missiles
of medium alance to attack their cities, so that anti-missile shields should
be installed mainly in the south and border with Mexico and the East Coast to
protect its citizens, which would increase the internal crisis when seeing some activities
everyday affected by the war. Maritime Campaign
In the maritime campaign the invaders would use his army to locate and destroy the majority
of the Latin ships, of these vessels near of half are small scale and dedicated
for coastal patrol and defense. Without However, in the case of South America, things
they are more difficult, because the navies of Chile, Peru and Brazil would present an important
resistance to the invading army, with the possibility of the sinking of some of their ships with
the support of their respective air forces and units of naval aviation, The Latin Navy
it would also be formed by Argentina, country who has experience in naval warfare.
It is also necessary to consider, that a Once the invasion operations begin
and Central American countries feel threatened and South America, tactical bulges and attack
with cannons and missiles can be directed to the Panama Canal, with the destruction of
channel, the invading army could not cross the oceans to regroup.
Anyway, the invading army decimated the Latin Navy, and participate with the
bombing of civilian and military targets with the launching of missiles and cannonades
at a distance, although as we mentioned earlier the invading army would have to take part
of your vehicles and resources in the location of the Latin submarines, and in the protection
of freight ships from regular trade to and from the United States and allies, and
especially the ships that will transport the personnel and equipment for the land campaign.
The most difficult part is the land campaign, since none of the invading nations possess
the ability to transport large quantities of equipment and personnel in a single operation,
so it would have to be transported by Air command units with sufficient equipment
to occupy and secure commercial ports, which would then be used for the disembarkation
of regular troops and equipment using boats of the merchant marine. This would not be either
easy task because apart from the ports the ground must be secured kilometers to
the round to avoid being targeted by artillery latina In addition to these transport vessels
could be preyed upon by Latin submarines on the high seas, if any one comes to outwit
the defensive perimeters of the fleets.
Obviously the only exception to this rule is Mexico, that with its closeness to States
United presents the greatest risk, incredibly Mexico does not have tanks or combat aircraft,
which would make it impossible to prevent states united will dominate the heavens and destroy the
most of its armored combat vehicles in the clashes, however the process
to dominate all the Mexican territory not it would be so easy because of the difficulties of
ground, so that the invaders chasing the goal of conquering all of Latin America,
they would concentrate on seizing and defending the oil production and mining areas
to continue financing the invasion. The inconveniences of the invaders in Mexican soil
would be the guerrilla movements which would be greatly strengthened, so
that a good amount of personnel should stay to monitor and defend the zones
Mexicans conquered.
The countries of Central America could be conquered with personnel deployments and
equipment from the armies, so small of the terrain would not have major difficulties,
however, also a good amount of personnel and equipment would have to be assigned
to watch over and defend the Panama Canal, both by land, sea and air with the possibility
that an anti-missile shield is installed.
The islands of the Caribbean with the exception of Cuba would not present major problems for
Invaders, The Cuban armed forces would offer good ground resistance to the invaders,
with the possibility of some movements guerrillas, but in the end they would also be
defeated by besieging the island everywhere and establish searches and elimination with
drones both day and night.
If Puerto Rico decides to stay as part of the United States, would play a key role
in the replenishment of aircraft and ships of the navy, as well as in the maintenance
of equipment subject to wear by the invasion, which means that all the
island would become a military base of high logistical value for the invasion, as well
that also in Puerto Rico an important Team quota and personnel must be
assigned to monitor and protect, especially to the maintenance and logistics staff
whose service and knowledge is invaluable for the invasion.
When deciding to conquer America of the South is that things start to get
difficult, as you enter with the army from the Pacific Ocean is not convenient, because
the land of Peru, Chile and part of Argentina It is very rugged with a wide area of
mountain ranges and deserts, which would reduce speed of vehicles and make them vulnerable
to artillery fire, so that this side, the most convenient thing is to carry out the operations
airlines having this same barrier as protection.
The other thing that complicates things is Guyana French, which by definition is part of
the European Union and it's the territory of France, in it is the spaceport of
Kourou, operated by the European Space Agency, what could force France to send a
military contingent to defend it and demand to the invading forces the conservation of
its facilities intact.
The country with the greatest power to face it to the invaders is Brazil, which is the first
Latin American military power, manufactures weapons and has a considerable amount of
active and reserve military, apart from that the land of Brazil is Immense. The military
Brazilians added to the other military forces remnants of South America would face
the invaders in urban and rural areas and the guerrilla movements that have already
decades of experience would be the nightmare for the establishment of chains of
supply, without them sooner or later Invading forces would be exhausted and weakened.
So in conclusion, although the Invaders can conquer Mexico, Central America
and the islands of the Caribbean, South America Never Will fall.
Let us know in the comments if there are other reasons why it is not possible to invade
Latin America We also invite you to meet our new
science fiction channel Messages of the Future, the first 100 people who subscribe
will receive a mention with your name in the next video
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-------------------------------------------
KU School of Business Ph.D. Program - Duration: 4:58.
So I did a bunch of searching around different schools and KU had the
faculty who I was most interested in working with.
I'm a graduate of our masters of accounting program and I had good working relationships with a lot of
them I knew it would be a place where as a doctoral student you'd get lots of
one-on-one attention.
There's one thing that I know for sure from interactions with other PhD students from other universities is that our faculty members are much more accessible.
We keep the cohorts pretty small and at least in
marketing we do not admit usually more than two or three people every couple of
years. And this allows us to spend more time with each individual student
especially earlier on when they need more training.
Relative to other institutions I feel like we have a really close relationship with our
faculty in the Ph.D program; we're a relatively small program and we get a
lot of good faculty attention that other schools wouldn't offer.
When I'm advising a student or mentoring a student I meet with them at least once a week because the
best way to make progress on a project is to force yourself to meet regular
deadlines and I like it because graduate students always bring a different
perspective to the research and they could come up with really interesting
new ideas that people who've been in the field or done research in the area
haven't thought of for a long time because they're so entrenched in what's already been done.
I work right across the hallway from a finance instructor
and so I get to hear and talk with them about some of the research and work that
they're doing which impacts and gives me a different way of looking at the world.
Research isn't really an individual sport so to have my put out my best
ideas my best writing, best analytics and then have it refined by a peer and by a
faculty member you know then what I'm doing what I'm creating is exponentially
better than what I would have done alone and so in then you see it sort of happen
and then you've got this this research project that's that's really cool and
something that could have only been that way because of everybody's unique contributions.
Since I've been involved with the
program I've written about half a dozen or more papers with doctoral students;
several of which I've been published one of the most important reasons why we
take that approach is that we have found that it not only improves the the body
of work that students do while they're here in the program but it also enhances
their ultimate placement I will say we're very proud of our placement over
the last few years over the years when I've been involved in the doctoral program.
Some students really want to go to research universities and we train
them well for that but if a student is more interested in teaching they also
have opportunities to practice that in the classroom they teach several times
before they graduate and so we've had students want to go down that path if
they discover research isn't for them.
Research is sort of the long it's a long feedback cycle so you write a great research paper and maybe years before it
gets actually even published the feedback you get from students is sort
of more, in the semester you know you see them graduate it's all happening
pretty pretty close so it's nice to have those sort of semester by semester wins
in the classroom to keep you going while you're working on the other things.
It does benefit our students but I would say it benefits the PhD students even
more because they get that interaction they get that experience and in some
programs you see students teaching perhaps one semester and that's all and
then they're turned loose on a student population without the close guidance
that you're going to have here where faculty cares so much about teaching and
they're really mentoring those doctoral students in their teaching and their
growth in teaching.
It's one of the reasons why I chose it as faculty and it's definitely one of the reasons why I would recommend it to doctoral students.
It's a great college town with a winning basketball program, with accessible faculty who are experts in their area.
When I chose my graduate school program
it was based on the people; the professors that were there that I knew
were willing to work with me and I knew how to experience working
with graduate students and enjoyed working with graduate students.
You know, KU PhD is gonna mean different things to different people but what I think
made my experience really standout was the people. It's one
of those intangible things about a program that you you can't really put it
on the balance sheet but it really matters it makes a difference
you
-------------------------------------------
Quina 4893 - Resultado da Quina (04/02/2019) - Duration: 0:53.
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Sirop naturel fait maison contre les quintes de toux - Duration: 1:54.
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Amie Kaufman and Jay Kristoff on Aurora Rising (Long) - Duration: 1:01.
Hi, I'm Amie Kaufman.
And I'm Jay Kristoff, and together you may know us
as the authors of the Illuminae Files.
But today, we're here to talk to you
about our new young adult science fiction action adventure
set in space, of course, because it's us,
called Aurora Rising.
It's the story of the golden boy
of an interstellar military academy.
He ends up saddled with this squad
of losers, misfit, and discipline cases.
These are the cadets that nobody wanted in their squad.
And to make matters worse, he rescues a girl
who's been frozen in time for the past 200 years,
and it turns out that she may either hold the secret
to destroying or saving the entire galaxy.
No pressure.
No pressure.
So we loved writing this book and we're so excited about it
and we can't wait for you to read it.
We hope that you're joining us in counting down.
It's coming this May.
Hope you love it.
-------------------------------------------
Amie Kaufman and Jay Kristoff on Aurora Rising (Short) - Duration: 0:47.
Hi, I'm Amie Kaufman.
And I'm Jay Kristoff,
and together we're the authors of the The Illuminae Files.
But we're here today to talk to you about
a new young adult science fiction action adventure
set in space, of course, because it's us
called Aurora Rising.
It's the story of the golden boy
of an interstellar military academy
who ends up saddled with the squad of losers,
misfits, and discipline cases.
Together, they need to save the galaxy.
So, it's kinda like Guardians of the Galaxy
meets Six of Crows in space.
We're really excited about it
and we can't wait for you to read it.
It's gonna be on shelves in May,
so join us in counting down.
-------------------------------------------
Genetics and The Modern Synthesis: Crash Course History of Science #35 - Duration: 12:34.
By the end of World War Two and the beginning of the Cold War, physics had been revolutionized—again.
Much as Newton had done in 1666, Einstein did in 1905.
But once again, biology was late to the paradigm-shifting party.
Remember how Darwin and Mendel lived around the same time, but everyone forgot about Mendel
until 1900, and even then biologists saw Darwinism and Mendelism as two competing grand theories
about how life works?
The Darwin and Wallace people thought traits were blended, and they studied big populations
of different species, in the wild and in fossils. While the Mendelians studied roses or flies
in labs.
And they saw that some traits aren't blended, but jump around according to Mendel's laws.
And, meanwhile, the eugenicists studied variation in human populations, for creepy reasons.
Well, it's time to bring these threads together into a new paradigm for biology—one that
accounts for change over time in species through exacting quantitative analysis on different
real-world populations.
[Intro Music Plays]
Medicine changed a lot after 1900 due to the discovery of different therapies like antibiotics.
Likewise, biology changed a lot as scientists combined different ideas, from natural selection
to statistics, in new ways.
The result is a framework called the Modern Synthesis, or "neo-Darwinism." And even
today, biologists mostly work within it.
Basically, the Modern Synthesis uses Mendelian inheritance—Mendel's rules—to explain
how Darwinian natural selection works in real time.
So Darwin and Wallace's big ideas about change over long epochs, across vast continents,
provided a solid theory for different researchers to use when designing studies in quantitative
and population genetics, and when trying to make sense of their results.
What did the Modern Synthesis look like as it happened? From 1928 to 1942, different
people applied one theory across a bunch of forms of empirical science, gluing them together.
Hence, "synthesis!"
They also published influential books that knit together Darwinism with Mendelism—such
as English ecological geneticist E. B. Ford's 1931 classic, Mendelism and Evolution.
Now, there were too many Modern Synthesizers to shout out in one episode.
But you've met a couple of them before.
American geneticist and embryologist Thomas Hunt Morgan, for example, directed the Fly
Room at Columbia from 1911 to 1928—which we visited in Episode Twenty-Five.
Morgan trained a lot of biologists who contributed to the Modern Synthesis by exploring where
genes are physically located on the chromosomes of fruit flies—
members of the species Drosophila melanogaster.
They Fly Boys also created databases of different alleles, or versions of a gene.
For example, they figured out that the dominant allele controlling the color of a fly's
eyes makes it red, but recessive alleles exist for brown or white eyes.
In fact, the Fly Room scientists could inbreed flies with specific traits until these mutants
were pretty much new species.
But this didn't prove how species were created in the wild.
Maybe, using artificial selection, the scientists were doing something that Darwin and Wallace's
proposed mechanism, natural selection didn't do, or did a different way.
One of Morgan's students, Ukrainian-American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky, resolved
this frustration by studying flies similar to the lab's Drosophila.
Traveling from Canada to Mexico, Dobzhansky demonstrated that natural groups of flies
have the same levels of genetic variation as mutants in labs.
In fact, Dobzhansky showed that, in the wild, variations are inherited pretty much as Darwin
would have predicted.
And most mutations aren't good or bad, which is why variation is so high! He joined the
worlds laboratory genetics, the realm of experimentation, and field naturalism, the realm of observation.
Dobzhansky published his landmark book, Genetics and the Origin of Species in 1937, which established
evolutionary genetics as a discipline.
In his book, Dobzhansky defined evolution as the "change in the frequency of an allele
within a gene pool." Which is pretty much how we teach it today.
Darwin's natural selection, culling certain alleles from a population and allowing others
to reproduce, is one of the main drivers of the evolution of species—along with completely
random mutation and some other forces called gene flow and gene drift.
Dobzhansky also spent much of his career trying to convince people not to think of humans
like inbred mutant flies: human "races" are not genetically defined, but socially
constructed.
The biological features that people have associated with different races have changed over time,
and the boundaries between those races have been redrawn.
Dobzhansky was one of many scientists who hoped that people would read about human genetics
and suddenly change their views on human difference.
Turns out, we need more than just science.
Dobzhansky was not the only biologist to turn to statistics as a tool for describing variation
in living things.
Starting around 1918, English statistician Ronald A. Fisher made numerous contributions
to statistics and genetics, culminating in his banger, The Genetical Theory of Natural
Selection, in 1930.
He showed statistically that what looks like continuous natural selection is actually the
result of combined changes to many different genes.
Fisher's work provided much of the foundation for biostatistics, or how to apply statistics
to biology, including using statistical concepts to understand the results of experiments.
Unfortunately, Fisher was also a massive eugenicist who insisted that racial differences in humans
mattered scientifically.
Sort of the opposite of Dobzhansky.
English scientist, socialist organizer, and consummate natty dresser J. B. S. Haldane
also helped pioneer biostatistics, and a bunch of other stuff.
In a 1915 paper, Haldane published the first genetic linkage maps for mammals—showing
the order and relative distances of genes in guinea pigs and mice, and later chickens.
This was a big step, moving from flies to mice!
Haldane's work, like his 1932 book The Causes of Evolution, helped establish—with Fisher
and American geneticist Sewall Wright—population genetics.
This is the study of how genes vary in populations, including models of how different alleles
will change in a population over time.
Other scientists focused not on gene-by-gene change, but on whole species. German ornithologist
Ernst Mayr came up with the modern biological definition of a species:
not just a bunch of similar organisms, but a group that can only breed with each other.
Mayr published Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist
in 1942, helping establish evolutionary biology as distinct from genetics and the other life
sciences.
Finally, British evolutionary biologist and eugenicist Julian Huxley published Evolution:
The Modern Synthesis in 1942.
This one was kind of the capstone to the whole Modern Synthesis: it summarized the research
uniting evolution and genetics up to World War Two.
And Julian Huxley coined many terms still used by evolutionary biologists, such as cline,
or the gradient of some trait—say, some gene—within a population across a geographical
range.
Fun fact: Julian's little brother, Aldous Huxley wrote the dystopia Brave New World
in 1932, which argued that technology might not only not be the solution to the world's
problems—it might be a major source of them.
And we have to shout-out their grandpa, Thomas Henry Huxley, AKA "Darwin's Bulldog,"
who helped make Darwin the most famous scientist of the nineteenth century.
Just… a lot going on with the Huxley family.
So the Modern Synthesizers had links back to Darwin himself.
And with Julian Huxley's book, the work of figuring out the how of evolution was publicly
announced, a little less than a century after the Origin of Species.
In the public eye, biology gained credibility. After striving for decades to make their field
better resemble physics, biologists were finally using mathematics and massive data sets regularly
and convincingly.
It's important to note that the Synthesizers weren't really a clearly defined group,
and they didn't always agree with each other.
And while their work was transformative and still provides a basis for some of the day-to-day
work for biologists, not everyone was down with the Synthesis in the Forties, and new
ideas continue to reshape it today.
But still, by 1942, biology had become, by its own account, "modern."
Notice, the Synthesizers were mostly English and American dudes. Dobzhansky was born in
the Ukraine, but he immigrated to the United States at age twenty seven.
While they were meticulously using Mendelian genetics to explain natural selection, their
counterparts in the newly powerful Soviet Union faced a different intellectual landscape.
Science and technology were strongly prized in the Soviet Union.
After all, the country had been founded on Marxist principles: there is only one, material
world, and whoever controls the means of production—capital and technology—controls that world.
After the World War Two, elite schools pumped out many highly skilled engineers every year,
and Soviet scientists began to win Nobel Prizes.
They had to catch up on the whole atomic bomb fad, for one.
But in the life sciences, instead of competing with the Modern Synthesizers, the Soviets
focused on applications— agriculture.
The question facing Soviet geneticists was, how to improve varieties of wheat and other
staples so that they could grow longer, even in the harsh environments that made up a lot
of the Soviet Union?
ThoughtBubble, show us what happened next: Soviet agronomist Trofim Lysenko rose from
obscurity to become the director of the Soviet Union's Lenin All Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
all because he claimed that wheat subjected to cold would produce a next generation better
able to withstand even more cold.
This process was call vernalization, and it caught on, along with Lysenko's other ideas
for farming, faster than scientists could investigate whether they actually worked.
So now, promoted up to science boss, Lysenko focused on developing ideas similar to those
of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
the French evolutionary theorist who thought that organisms could inherit characteristics
based on their individual experiences.
This theory, in which experience mattered more than a competition among inherited genes,
was a better fit with Marxism.
Lysenko and his yes-men also made lots of unscientific claims about agriculture, including
that rye could transform into wheat.
He also used his power to destroy the careers of geneticists in the Soviet Union—all of
them.
He had the real scientists fired and replaced with his lackeys.
This system of science-purely-for-politics'-sake became known as Lysenkoism.
Now, all systems of science are political—saying you're "apolitical" just means you're
for the status quo—but Lysenkoism wasn't even science any more.
It was a pure power play.
So in 1940, the leading Soviet geneticist, Nikolai Vavilov , was arrested.
Lysenko took up his post as director of the Institute of Genetics.
In 1941, Vavilov was put through a sham trial and found guilty of sabotage. Imprisoned,
he died of malnutrition in 1943.
Thanks Thoughtbubble.
And then, in 1948, Lysenko talked Joseph Stalin into banning population genetics and other
types of "bourgeois" biology entirely.
This meant no more artificial selection of crop varietals based on neo-Darwinian science.
The Soviet Union, already facing serious food shortages, lost an important tool for fighting
famine.
Lysenkoism only ended in the 1960s, after Lysenko's Stalin died, and three prominent
Soviet physicists spoke out against his pseudoscience and political manipulations.
But at least, thanks to scientists including Julian Huxley, Nikolai Vavilov's reputation
as a great geneticist was finally restored.
Next time—another bridge from World War Two to the Cold War: it's time to meet Alan
Turing and invent the computer.
Crash Course History of Science is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney studio in Missoula,
Montana and it's made with the help of all this nice people and our animation team is
Thought Cafe.
Crash Course is a Complexly production. If you wanna keep imagining the world complexly
with us, you can check out some of our other channels like Nature League, Sexplanations,
and Scishow.
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